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Horsies > Dentistry > Flashcards

Dentistry Flashcards

1
Q

What equipment do you need to bring in your car for the average equine dental exam?

A

Sedation
Gloves
Headtorch
Oral speculum/Gag
Mirror
Dental flush (syringe)
Dental chart (BEVA)
Head stand for horse ideally
Hard hat

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2
Q

What sedation would you use for a horse for a dentistry examination?

A

Alpha-2 agonist (e.g. romifidine) or combination

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3
Q

What are the first set of teeth that you look at in a dental exam?

A

Incisors

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4
Q

What are you looking for when examining incisors?

A

Alignment
Missing teeth
Diastema
Impacted food
Fractures

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5
Q

What do you need to do before looking at the rest of the teeth?

A

Place a gag
Rinse the mouth using a large syringe

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6
Q

You have got gloves, head torch and mirror ready to perform a thorough oral examination. The horse is sedated with a gag on. What will you be looking for?

A

Mucosal inflammation or ulceration
Sharp enamel points on cheek teeth
Alignment of upper and lower arcades
Infundibular and peripheral caries
Diastemata
Missing teeth
Fractures

Note any pathology on a dental chart

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7
Q

Where are sharp enamel edges commonly found in horses?

A

Buccal aspects of the maxilla (upper) cheek teeth
Lingual edge of the mandibular (lower) cheek teeth

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8
Q

What is the name for interdental space?

A

Diastema

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9
Q

Which tooth is also known as the wolf tooth?

A

1st premolar

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10
Q

What are hypsodont teeth?

A

High crowned teeth which are constantly erupting (not growing)
2-5mm eruption/year - faster in young horses
Have a long reserve crown below the gum

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11
Q

Which teeth are hypsodont teeth in horses?

A

Upper 8-11 in the maxillary sinuses
8-9 are in the rostral maxillary sinus
10-11 are in the caudal maxillary sinus

May vary

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12
Q

How many premolars and molars do horses have?

A

16 premolars (3 normal and then 1 wolf tooth on each side)
12 molars (3 on each side)

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13
Q

When do equine deciduous incisors erupt?

A

D01 - 6 days
D02 - 6 weeks
D03 - 6 months

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14
Q

When do equine adult incisor teeth erupt?

A

01 - 2.5 years
02 - 3.5 years
03 - 4.5 years

Canines at 4.5 years and wolf teeth at 6-18 months

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15
Q

What do ‘occlusal’ and ‘apical’ mean?

A

Occlusal: biting surface of the tooth
Apical: tip of the root of the tooth

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16
Q

What is the interdental space?

A

The space between the incisors and premolars in which the canines and wolf teeth lie

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17
Q

Describe the 4 main layers making up the tooth from outside in

A
  1. Cement
  2. Enamel
  3. Dentine
  4. Pulp
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18
Q

What is the most accurate method of ageing a horse through it’s teeth?

A

Eruption times

Rest of the ideas are largely inaccurate:
- Shape of corner incisor
- Dental star
- Infundibulum/Mark disappearance
- Galvaynes groove
- Hook on corner incisors
- Shape of occulusal surface

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19
Q

What’s the most important thing you should look at during a dental exam?

A

Observing mastication

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20
Q

How often does the average horse need to have their teeth done?

A

Every 6-12 months

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21
Q

Define the term ‘quidding’

A

Dropping food from the mouth whilst eating
Indicates dental problems

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22
Q

What dental specific things can you look for on a full clinical exam?

A

Body condition score and weight loss
Concurrent disease
Visual and manual exam of head
Asymmetry
Swellings
Halitosis
Nasal discharge

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23
Q

A horse presents with unilateral nasal discharge. What part of the clinical exam must you do to investigate?

A

Palpate the submandibular lymph nodes

24
Q

What is parrot mouth?

A

Overbite of the horse’s incisors

25
Q

What mouth pathology can sharp enamel points on the teeth cause?

A

Buccal surface and lingual surface ulcers

26
Q

Vets normally take 3 rasps with them to cover all the equine teeth. Which rasps are used for which teeth?

A

Open angle for upper 6-8
Straight for 8-9 and lower arcade
Closed angle for upper 10-11

27
Q

What are equine tooth rasps normally made from?

A

Tungsten carbide

28
Q

What are the most commonly done equine tooth procedures?

A

Reducing sharp enamel points
Reduce dominant/overgrown teeth
Extract wolf teeth
Radiographs
Tooth extraction
Sinus flushing/Sinus flaps

29
Q

What are the 3 main causes of sharp enamel points in horses?

A

Anisognathic anatomy (unequal jaw widths)
Continual eruption of teeth
Eruption rate exceeding wear (diet)

30
Q

Should you remove wolf teeth?

A

Not if they are normally positioned as shouldn’t interfere with the bit
Can remove if:
- Large
- Unerupted (blind)
- Abnormally positioned
- Lower
- Fractured/Loose
- Possibly if only on one side

31
Q

Where on the skull should you enter if you want to flush out the maxillary sinus?

A

Enter the frontal sinus to access the maxillary sinus through the bulla

32
Q

What sedation protocol would you use for dental radiography on a horse?

A

Detomidine (alpha 2 agonist)
Butorphanol (opiate)

Enough to drop the head down low
Remove head collar to avoid artefacts
Ideally the horse is stood in stocks

33
Q

You want to take a radiograph of a horse’s maxillary sinuses and ethmoturbinates. Which radiographic view will you do?

A

Latero-lateral view
Used to look at fluid in sinuses
Cheek teeth are superimposed

34
Q

Where would you position the radiograph plate to get a dorso-ventral view of the cheek teeth?

A

Plate as far up the neck as possible
Need heavy sedation
6 cheek teeth are superimposed
Needs to be perfectly straight to see the nasal sinuses

35
Q

Which radiographic view would you take to get a good, non-superimposed view of the maxillary cheek teeth?

A

Latero30’dorsal-lateroventral oblique view
Highlights the apexes of the teeth on the other side
Teeth closest to the plate on the opposite side are imaged
Also highlights fluid in the maxillary sinus

36
Q

Which radiographic view would you take if you wanted to radiograph the mandibular cheek teeth?

A

Latero45’ventral-laterodorsal oblique view
Teeth closest to the plate imaged
Mandibular bone and apexes

37
Q

What does a rostro35’lateral 50’ventral-caudodorsal oblique radiographic view highlight

A

The temporomandibular joint (connects lower jaw to skull)

38
Q

You diagnose a horse with brachygnathia. What does it have?

A

Mandible longer than maxilla - quite rare

39
Q

What is the difference between polydontia and oligodontia?

A

Polydontia = too many teeth
Oligodontia = not enough teeth

40
Q

What does a wave mouth indicate on dental radiograph?

A

Overgrowth of teeth and recess in opposing teeth

41
Q

Why is diastema often a problem?

A

Food can get into diastema and cause periodontal disease
Normal tooth growth angles allow for continuous growth downwards with tight/no gaps

42
Q

What indicates a periapical abscess on a dental radiograph?

A

Widening of the periodontal space
Loss of lamina dura (bright white line around tooth)
Periapical bone lysis
Sclerosis of surrounding bone (more radiodense)
Destruction (blunting) of tooth apex

43
Q

Which 3 neoplasias are most likely to be seen on the skull/mandible/maxilla?

A

Osteosarcoma
Ameloblastoma
Ossifying fibroma - tends to be in younger horses

44
Q

What does EOTRH stand for?

A

Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercemetosis
Resorptive lesions of the incisors and sometimes cheek teeth, resulting in painful, wobbly teeth
Remove, though made more difficult by the hypercementosis

45
Q

What is the most common pathology of the temporomandibular joint?

A

Osteoarthritis
Heterogenous new bone formation with radiodense areas and proliferation = osteoarthritis

46
Q

What other imaging modalities are good for dentistry?

A

CT

47
Q

How can you treat retained deciduous teeth?

A

Remove using forceps - normally fairly simple
Can cause a gap between the adult incisors
May need radiographs if can’t distinguish between the adult and deciduous tooth

48
Q

Other than extraction, how might you be able to treat a tooth fracture or displacement?

A

Might be able to wire back into place and stabilise
X-rays may be necessary as the jaw might be fractured

49
Q

What age group of horses are most prone to Equine Odontoclastis Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis?

A

Older horses
Causes reabsorption of the roots +/- cement deposition - teeth become loose and painful

50
Q

How will you treat a horse with Equine Orthodontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis?

A

Extraction after radiography is the only thing - very successful
Remove lumps of plaque or tartar on lower canines with forceps
Sloppy food and grass may be required rather than hay

51
Q

What dental conditions are horses with parrot mouth predisposed to?

A

Secondary cheek teeth issues as the upper 6’s and lower 11’s not in wear = hooks
Incisors don’t normally need treatment unless impinging on soft tissues

52
Q

What advice to owners will you give to take care of horses with diastema?

A

Pick out food - can normally keep clean with a toothbrush
Vet can pack with putty or impression material, widen or remove tooth/teeth
Need extracting if become loose

53
Q

Which teeth can get retained deciduous caps?

A

Cheek teeth - deciduous teeth not lost and so sit on top of the permanent teeth
Fragments more common than whole teeth
Remove if loose or obviously causing disease
Bumps on lower jaw may be there as permanent teeth coming through

54
Q

Name the 2 types of dental caries

A

Peripheral (surrounding edges of teeth)
Infundibular (centre of upper cheek teeth)

Acidogenic bacteria cause erosion to cement and subsequently enamel and dentine

55
Q

What treatment can you do for infundibular caries in equine teeth and why?

A

Fill affected teeth - complex, specialist procedure
Or remove if referral not an option
Prevents future fractures

Potentially linked to tooth development

56
Q

Which teeth are affected by infundibular caries?

A

Upper cheek teeth only - unique structure

Horsies (8 decks)

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