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PPD Y2 > Dental Public Health > Flashcards

Dental Public Health Flashcards

0
Q

Oral health surveillance bodies

A

PHE

Dental public health intelligence programme

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1
Q

Features of dental public health

A 
Leadership in population based dentistry
Oral health surveillance 
Policy development 
Community based disease prevention and health promotion 
Maintaining dental safety net
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2
Q

Determinants of health

A 
Age
Geography
Ses 
Education
Access to resources 
Language
Ethnicity
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3
Q

Dental safety net

A

Sum of individuals, organisations, public and private agencies and programs delivering oral health services to people who cannot access them on their own due to poverty, culture, language, health status, geography and education.

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4
Q

Biomedical model of health

A

Health = practitioner and drugs and treatment
Patient is passive
Practitioner is expert
Body is machine that can be fixed

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5
Q

Social model of health

A

Patient centred approach emotional cultural social biological psychological
Clinician is helper
Patient is self reliant
Holistic approach

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6
Q

Importance of social model of health to dentistry

A

Patient attendance compliance and satisfaction is dependent on previous experience of dentists
Most oral diseases are preventable with good ohi and education

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7
Q

Who model of health

A

A state of complete physical mental and social well being not merely being free from disease
Adv - recognises mental and social aspects of health
Disadvantage - encourages pill taking and check ups, medicalisation of life

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8
Q

Health promotion

A

The process of enabling individuals to increase control over and improve their health

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9
Q

Ottawa charter (date)

A

1986
Outlined principles of health promotion
Advocate for essential conditions for health
Enable individuals to reach their full health potential
Mediate between different interests in society in the pursuit of health

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10
Q

Why measure health

A

Reduce effect of negative factors
Promote positive factors
Devise practical solutions to promote and protect health
Identify unmet health needs, if health services need to improve or if policy needs to be written

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11
Q

Health status

A

A measurement or description of the health of an individual or population at a particular point in time against identifiable standards and health indicators who 1998

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12
Q

How do we measure health

A

Collect information on the health status of the population

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13
Q

Define need

A

Capacity to benefit from intervention

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14
Q

Define rate, prevalence and incidence

A

Rate is how disease progresses over time
Prevalence is % of people with the disease now
Incidence is number of new cases / population at risk in a given time period

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15
Q

Mortality rate

A

Death rate indicates disease burden

Number of deaths/population

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16
Q

Morbidity rate

A

Non fatal outcomes

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17
Q

Life expectancy

A

The average number of years a person of a particular age can expect to live

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18
Q

Life expectancy at birth

A

The average number of years newborns can be expected to live if mortality and morbidity rates continue throughout their lifetime

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19
Q

Quantitative sources of health data

A

Who
Eurostat
Ons
Project isare

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20
Q

Qualitative sources of health data

A

Self reported health measures

Academic research

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21
Q

Type of information contained in health statistics

A 
Demographic info
Health related  info
Health service use data
Morbidity rate 
Mortality rate 
Health need data
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22
Q

How to test the effectiveness of data

A 
Cart measure 
C - completeness
A - accuracy 
R - relevance 
T - timeliness
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23
Q

Health inequality

A

Differences in health status measures between different sub sections of populations eg ses, gender, age, ethnicity

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24
Why are there health inequalities
Behaviouralist approach | Social determinants of health approach
25
Types of health need
Normative ( defined by professionals) Felt (individual perceives important) Expressed Comparative (one group compared with a similar group)
26
Cohen and jago (date)
1976 Recognised importance of clinical measures in measuring oral health Could be improved if socio dental factors included
27
Locker 1988
``` Move away from biomedical model Saw oral health impacted everyday life Disease Impairment Functional limitations Pain Disability Handicap ```
28
DoH definition of oral health (date)
1994 Standard of health which enables an individual to eat speak and socialise without active disease pain or embarrassment and contributes to general well being
29
Dolan definition of oral health (date)
1993 | Comfortable and functional dentition which enables to individual to continue in their desired social role
30
Locker 1997
Oral health related quality of life measures
31
Sheiham and watt (date)
2000 | Common risk factor approach to healthcare
32
What is a clinical index
A tool which allows the quantity of a disease to be measured
33
Criteria to judge clinical indicted
``` Simple Objective Valid Reliable Reproducible Acceptable Sensitive Quantifiable ```
34
Advantages and disadvantages of clinical measures of oral health
Compare different groups at different times Measures disease Calculate prevalence and incidence rates Only measures disease not overall oral health
35
Examples of OHRQoL measures
General oral health assessment Dental impact profile Oral health impact profile
36
Advantages and disadvantages of OHRQoL measures
Detect psycho social problems eg dental phobia Patient designed Rarely used Used on specific groups eg elderly Subjective Not used in clinical setting
37
Oral health literacy (who and when)
The capacity of an individual to obtain understand and process information and services about oral health in order to make necessary health decisions national institute of dental and cranial facial research 2005
38
Epidemiology
Study of the distribution and occurrence of health related events in specific populations and the determinants of these events and application of this knowledge to control health problems
39
Assumptions of epidemiology
Diseases do not occur randomly Series of interacting events Identify events to prevent disease
40
Epidemiology process
``` Find cause of disease Establish extent of disease occurrence Study natural progression Assess therapeutic measures or policies Evaluation ```
41
Sources of epidemiological data
``` PHE who Nhs epidemiology study of children Bascd Decennial national oral health survey of adults and children ```
42
Define stress
Excess of demands above and beyond an individual's resources to meet them Dynamic process
43
Define burnout
``` Depletion of energy Loss of vitality and sprit Loss of commitment Unclear expectations Lack of resources ```
44
Define bullying
Persistent behaviour against an individual which is degrading offensive intimidating or malicious and undermines the confidence and self esteem of the individual
45
Harassment
Any unwanted behaviour related to race age gender religion sexuality disability or any personal characteristic of the individual
46
Impact of stress
``` Behavioural Physical Cognitive: Anxiety Depression Boredom Poor memory and concentration Loss of confidence Apathy ```
47
Outcomes of effective communication
``` More efficient consultations Better compliance Better health outcomes Improves satisfaction Relationship centred care ```
48
Non verbal communication
Eye contact Posture Gesture Facial expression
49
Attentive listening
Soler
50
Impact of appearance (who when)
``` Shaw 1981 People who are more attractive with normal dentition are More desirable as friends Less likely be be aggressive More intelligent More confident Better mental health More successful ```
51
Define disfigurement (when who)
Rumsey and harcourt 2007 | An appearance that is different from the culturally defined norm
52
Body dysmorphic disorder
``` Mirror watching Camouflage Avoiding social situations Seeing oneself as grotesque More likely to seek cosmetic treatment 5x more likely to be dissatisfied with results ```
53
Habituation
Adaptive Narrows range of stimuli that elicit response Tendency to respond declines over time as stimuli becomes more familiar
54
Types of conditioning
Classical | Instrumental (thorndike) law of effect responses ---> reward ----> repeated behaviour
55
Memory process
Aquistion, encode Storage, rehearse, recode Retrieval, recognition, recall
56
Remembering
Relies on context Based on prior knowledge Elaborate rehearsal chunking or organisation Processing deep or shallow Richer encoding leads to stronger or more connections
57
Kasl and Cobb definition of health behaviour
Activities undertaken by an individual who believes themselves to be healthy for the purpose of preventing disease or detecting or at an asymptomatic stage
58
Nutbeam definition of health
Activity undertaken by an individual regardless of actual or perceived health status in order to protect promote and maintain health weather or not this is effective
59
Factors to consider when changing health behaviours
``` Values Knowledge Attitude Beliefs Skills ```
60
Health behaviour models
``` Health belief model Theory of planned behaviour Transtheoretical model (stages of change) ```
61
Health behaviour assessment
Asses level of understanding of condition and severity Assess oral health knowledge and attitude Previous compliance Ability for self care Family attitudes and experiences towards oral health
62
Self efficacy
The confidence of an individual in their ability to take actions to improve and maintain their health
63
How to improve self efficacy
Mastery Vicarious experience Verbal persuasion Mood or well being
64
Criticisms of health belief model and theory of planned behaviour
Focussed on individual not context Based on rationality not habit Does not consider emotion eg fear or denial
65
Social influence processes
``` Conformity Power Obedience Compliance Internalisation ```
66
Difference between compliance and internalisation
Compliance - changing outward behaviour for reward short lasting Internalisation- changing behaviour because of what is necessary, expert advice, longer lasting
67
Predictors of non-adherence
``` Intentional Long term treatment Complicated schedule Age Side effects No relief from pain or symptoms ```
68
Define anxiety
``` Hypothetical and psychological construct which is Anticipatory Aversive unpleasant Takes time to dissipate Can occur from a single experience ```
69
Difference between fear and phobia
Fear is unpleasant emotion of impending danger | Phobia is fear or aversion of specific criteria can be debilitating
70
Components of anxiety
Behavioural Cognitive Physiological
71
Effects of dental anxiety
``` Cancelled appointments Increased perceived pain Lack of compliance Fear of specific treatments Ineffective analgesia ```
72
Types of anxiety
Somatic | Cognitive
73
Psychological treatment of anxiety
``` Psychophysiological Systematic desensitisation Cbt Hypnosis Modelling Psychodynamic ```
74
Rachmans model of fear acquisition
``` Fear develops from Conditioning Modelling Information Mis-communication ```
75
Define profession
``` A body of individuals who Have special skills and knowledge in a widely recognised body of learning Accept responsibility for their actions Are willing to serve the public Subscribe to an ethical code of conduct ```
76
Clinical ethics
Commitment to treat patients fairly and in accordance with professional standards Unravel rights and wrongs of healthcare in light of philosophical analysis
77
Virtue ethics
Ethics of care Sensitive appreciation of practical needs, caring responses and resulting wisdom Sensitive - kind generous compassionate honest respectful
78
Principles of healthcare
Non malificence Beneficence Justice Respect for autonomy
79
Define professional integrity
Considering the impact of your actions on the practice of professional care. Being honest and moral
80
Define justice
Treating everyone fairly and equally Avoiding unfair discrimination Accepting responsibility
81
Define autonomy
Ability to make decisions in our own best interests Equites self determination and information about the condition Re assessing those without capacity
82
What is professional behaviour
``` Altruism Honour and integrity Accountability Respect Duty ```

PPD Y2 (1 decks)

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