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PPD Y2 > Dental Public Health > Flashcards

Dental Public Health Flashcards

0
Q

Oral health surveillance bodies

A

PHE

Dental public health intelligence programme

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1
Q

Features of dental public health

A 
Leadership in population based dentistry
Oral health surveillance 
Policy development 
Community based disease prevention and health promotion 
Maintaining dental safety net
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2
Q

Determinants of health

A 
Age
Geography
Ses 
Education
Access to resources 
Language
Ethnicity
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3
Q

Dental safety net

A

Sum of individuals, organisations, public and private agencies and programs delivering oral health services to people who cannot access them on their own due to poverty, culture, language, health status, geography and education.

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4
Q

Biomedical model of health

A

Health = practitioner and drugs and treatment
Patient is passive
Practitioner is expert
Body is machine that can be fixed

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5
Q

Social model of health

A

Patient centred approach emotional cultural social biological psychological
Clinician is helper
Patient is self reliant
Holistic approach

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6
Q

Importance of social model of health to dentistry

A

Patient attendance compliance and satisfaction is dependent on previous experience of dentists
Most oral diseases are preventable with good ohi and education

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7
Q

Who model of health

A

A state of complete physical mental and social well being not merely being free from disease
Adv - recognises mental and social aspects of health
Disadvantage - encourages pill taking and check ups, medicalisation of life

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8
Q

Health promotion

A

The process of enabling individuals to increase control over and improve their health

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9
Q

Ottawa charter (date)

A

1986
Outlined principles of health promotion
Advocate for essential conditions for health
Enable individuals to reach their full health potential
Mediate between different interests in society in the pursuit of health

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10
Q

Why measure health

A

Reduce effect of negative factors
Promote positive factors
Devise practical solutions to promote and protect health
Identify unmet health needs, if health services need to improve or if policy needs to be written

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11
Q

Health status

A

A measurement or description of the health of an individual or population at a particular point in time against identifiable standards and health indicators who 1998

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12
Q

How do we measure health

A

Collect information on the health status of the population

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13
Q

Define need

A

Capacity to benefit from intervention

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14
Q

Define rate, prevalence and incidence

A

Rate is how disease progresses over time
Prevalence is % of people with the disease now
Incidence is number of new cases / population at risk in a given time period

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15
Q

Mortality rate

A

Death rate indicates disease burden

Number of deaths/population

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16
Q

Morbidity rate

A

Non fatal outcomes

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17
Q

Life expectancy

A

The average number of years a person of a particular age can expect to live

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18
Q

Life expectancy at birth

A

The average number of years newborns can be expected to live if mortality and morbidity rates continue throughout their lifetime

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19
Q

Quantitative sources of health data

A

Who
Eurostat
Ons
Project isare

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20
Q

Qualitative sources of health data

A

Self reported health measures

Academic research

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21
Q

Type of information contained in health statistics

A 
Demographic info
Health related  info
Health service use data
Morbidity rate 
Mortality rate 
Health need data
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22
Q

How to test the effectiveness of data

A 
Cart measure 
C - completeness
A - accuracy 
R - relevance 
T - timeliness
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23
Q

Health inequality

A

Differences in health status measures between different sub sections of populations eg ses, gender, age, ethnicity

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24
Q

Why are there health inequalities

A

Behaviouralist approach

Social determinants of health approach

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25
Q

Types of health need

A

Normative ( defined by professionals)
Felt (individual perceives important)
Expressed
Comparative (one group compared with a similar group)

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26
Q

Cohen and jago (date)

A

1976
Recognised importance of clinical measures in measuring oral health
Could be improved if socio dental factors included

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27
Q

Locker 1988

A 
Move away from biomedical model
Saw oral health impacted everyday life 
Disease
Impairment 
Functional limitations 
Pain
Disability
Handicap
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28
Q

DoH definition of oral health (date)

A

1994
Standard of health which enables an individual to eat speak and socialise without active disease pain or embarrassment and contributes to general well being

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29
Q

Dolan definition of oral health (date)

A

1993

Comfortable and functional dentition which enables to individual to continue in their desired social role

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30
Q

Locker 1997

A

Oral health related quality of life measures

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31
Q

Sheiham and watt (date)

A

2000

Common risk factor approach to healthcare

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32
Q

What is a clinical index

A

A tool which allows the quantity of a disease to be measured

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33
Q

Criteria to judge clinical indicted

A 
Simple
Objective
Valid
Reliable 
Reproducible
Acceptable
Sensitive 
Quantifiable
34
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of clinical measures of oral health

A

Compare different groups at different times
Measures disease
Calculate prevalence and incidence rates

Only measures disease not overall oral health

35
Q

Examples of OHRQoL measures

A

General oral health assessment
Dental impact profile
Oral health impact profile

36
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of OHRQoL measures

A

Detect psycho social problems eg dental phobia
Patient designed

Rarely used
Used on specific groups eg elderly
Subjective
Not used in clinical setting

37
Q

Oral health literacy (who and when)

A

The capacity of an individual to obtain understand and process information and services about oral health in order to make necessary health decisions national institute of dental and cranial facial research 2005

38
Q

Epidemiology

A

Study of the distribution and occurrence of health related events in specific populations and the determinants of these events and application of this knowledge to control health problems

39
Q

Assumptions of epidemiology

A

Diseases do not occur randomly
Series of interacting events
Identify events to prevent disease

40
Q

Epidemiology process

A 
Find cause of disease
Establish extent of disease occurrence  
Study natural progression 
Assess therapeutic measures or policies 
Evaluation
41
Q

Sources of epidemiological data

A 
PHE
who
Nhs epidemiology study of children 
Bascd 
Decennial national oral health survey of adults and children
42
Q

Define stress

A

Excess of demands above and beyond an individual’s resources to meet them
Dynamic process

43
Q

Define burnout

A 
Depletion of energy 
Loss of vitality and sprit
Loss of commitment 
Unclear expectations 
Lack of resources
44
Q

Define bullying

A

Persistent behaviour against an individual which is degrading offensive intimidating or malicious and undermines the confidence and self esteem of the individual

45
Q

Harassment

A

Any unwanted behaviour related to race age gender religion sexuality disability or any personal characteristic of the individual

46
Q

Impact of stress

A 
Behavioural
Physical
Cognitive:
Anxiety
Depression
Boredom
Poor memory and concentration 
Loss of confidence 
Apathy
47
Q

Outcomes of effective communication

A 
More efficient consultations
Better compliance 
Better health outcomes
Improves satisfaction 
Relationship centred care
48
Q

Non verbal communication

A

Eye contact
Posture
Gesture
Facial expression

49
Q

Attentive listening

A

Soler

50
Q

Impact of appearance (who when)

A 
Shaw 1981
People who are more attractive  with normal dentition are 
More desirable as friends 
Less likely be be aggressive 
More intelligent
More confident 
Better mental health 
More successful
51
Q

Define disfigurement (when who)

A

Rumsey and harcourt 2007

An appearance that is different from the culturally defined norm

52
Q

Body dysmorphic disorder

A 
Mirror watching
Camouflage 
Avoiding social situations 
Seeing oneself as grotesque 
More likely to seek cosmetic treatment 
5x more likely to be dissatisfied with results
53
Q

Habituation

A

Adaptive
Narrows range of stimuli that elicit response
Tendency to respond declines over time as stimuli becomes more familiar

54
Q

Types of conditioning

A

Classical

Instrumental (thorndike) law of effect responses —> reward —-> repeated behaviour

55
Q

Memory process

A

Aquistion, encode
Storage, rehearse, recode
Retrieval, recognition, recall

56
Q

Remembering

A

Relies on context
Based on prior knowledge
Elaborate rehearsal chunking or organisation
Processing deep or shallow
Richer encoding leads to stronger or more connections

57
Q

Kasl and Cobb definition of health behaviour

A

Activities undertaken by an individual who believes themselves to be healthy for the purpose of preventing disease or detecting or at an asymptomatic stage

58
Q

Nutbeam definition of health

A

Activity undertaken by an individual regardless of actual or perceived health status in order to protect promote and maintain health weather or not this is effective

59
Q

Factors to consider when changing health behaviours

A 
Values
Knowledge
Attitude 
Beliefs 
Skills
60
Q

Health behaviour models

A 
Health belief model
Theory of planned behaviour 
Transtheoretical model (stages of change)
61
Q

Health behaviour assessment

A

Asses level of understanding of condition and severity
Assess oral health knowledge and attitude
Previous compliance
Ability for self care
Family attitudes and experiences towards oral health

62
Q

Self efficacy

A

The confidence of an individual in their ability to take actions to improve and maintain their health

63
Q

How to improve self efficacy

A

Mastery
Vicarious experience
Verbal persuasion
Mood or well being

64
Q

Criticisms of health belief model and theory of planned behaviour

A

Focussed on individual not context
Based on rationality not habit
Does not consider emotion eg fear or denial

65
Q

Social influence processes

A 
Conformity
Power
Obedience 
Compliance 
Internalisation
66
Q

Difference between compliance and internalisation

A

Compliance - changing outward behaviour for reward short lasting
Internalisation- changing behaviour because of what is necessary, expert advice, longer lasting

67
Q

Predictors of non-adherence

A 
Intentional
Long term treatment
Complicated schedule 
Age 
Side effects 
No relief from pain or symptoms
68
Q

Define anxiety

A 
Hypothetical and psychological construct which is 
Anticipatory
Aversive
 unpleasant 
Takes time to dissipate 
Can occur from a single experience
69
Q

Difference between fear and phobia

A

Fear is unpleasant emotion of impending danger

Phobia is fear or aversion of specific criteria can be debilitating

70
Q

Components of anxiety

A

Behavioural
Cognitive
Physiological

71
Q

Effects of dental anxiety

A 
Cancelled appointments 
Increased perceived pain 
Lack of compliance 
Fear of specific treatments 
Ineffective analgesia
72
Q

Types of anxiety

A

Somatic

Cognitive

73
Q

Psychological treatment of anxiety

A 
Psychophysiological 
Systematic desensitisation 
Cbt 
Hypnosis
Modelling
Psychodynamic
74
Q

Rachmans model of fear acquisition

A 
Fear develops from
Conditioning 
Modelling
Information 
Mis-communication
75
Q

Define profession

A 
A body of individuals who 
Have special skills and knowledge in a widely recognised body of learning
Accept responsibility for their actions 
Are willing to serve the public 
Subscribe to an ethical code of conduct
76
Q

Clinical ethics

A

Commitment to treat patients fairly and in accordance with professional standards
Unravel rights and wrongs of healthcare in light of philosophical analysis

77
Q

Virtue ethics

A

Ethics of care
Sensitive appreciation of practical needs, caring responses and resulting wisdom
Sensitive - kind generous compassionate honest respectful

78
Q

Principles of healthcare

A

Non malificence
Beneficence
Justice
Respect for autonomy

79
Q

Define professional integrity

A

Considering the impact of your actions on the practice of professional care. Being honest and moral

80
Q

Define justice

A

Treating everyone fairly and equally
Avoiding unfair discrimination
Accepting responsibility

81
Q

Define autonomy

A

Ability to make decisions in our own best interests
Equites self determination and information about the condition
Re assessing those without capacity

82
Q

What is professional behaviour

A 
Altruism
Honour and integrity
Accountability 
Respect
Duty

PPD Y2 (1 decks)

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