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Dental Materials Supplemental Cards > Dental Materials, The Oral Environment, and Oral Tissues > Flashcards

Dental Materials, The Oral Environment, and Oral Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

what classification of dental materials do the following products belong to?

  • materials that release therapeutic agents such as fluoride (ie. cements, liners and bases, glass ionomers
  • materials that release remineralizing agents such as casein phosphopeptide (CPP) and amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP)
A

preventive dental materials

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2
Q

what classification of dental materials do the following products belong to?

  • metals, polymers, ceramics, and composites that repair or replaced damaged or missing tooth structure
A

restorative dental materials

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3
Q

describe the differences between direct, indirect, temporary, and definitive restorative materials

A
  • direct: placed, formed, contoured, and finished intraorally
  • indirect: fabricated extraorally and then cemented (luted)
  • temporary: materials used to restore teeth for a short period of time
  • definitive: provide final, long-term treatment
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4
Q

name 4 tissue engineering strategies of biomaterials

A
  1. injection of cells
  2. guided tissue regeneration
  3. cell induction
  4. scaffolds
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5
Q

name 5 characteristics of ideal dental materials

A
  1. biocompatible
  2. bond permanently
  3. match natural appearance of tooth and other visible tissues
  4. exhibit properties similar to enamel, dentin, and other oral tissues
  5. capable of initiating tissue repair or regenerating missing or damaged tissues
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6
Q

what cells form enamel?

A

ameloblasts

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7
Q

enamel apposition begins at the _____ and proceeds outward towards the surface of the tooth

A

DEJ

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8
Q

enamel is made of very long ______ crystals about ___nm wide, but which may span the entire enamel thickness

A

hexagonal, 40

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9
Q

enamel hexagonal crystals are packed into enamel ____ or ____ that are about ___ micro m across

A

rods, prisms, 5

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10
Q

about ____ enamel crystals are needed to span the diameter of the prism

A

100

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11
Q

how are enamel prisms revealed?

A

acid etching

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12
Q

individual enamel crystals within a prism are coated with a thin layer of lipid and/or protein that plays a role in mineralization. this protein coat appears to increase enamel _____.

A

toughness

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13
Q

what are prism sheaths?

A
  • inter-rod enamel found between prisms
  • contain organic components of enamel and have physical properties essential for enamel bonding
  • permit the flow of water and ions in enamel demineralization and remineralization
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14
Q

describe type III enamel etching

A

results in a uniform or mixed pattern of etching

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15
Q

T or F:

differences in micromechanical bond strength of the different etching patterns has been established

A

false:

no differences have been established

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16
Q

as etching is established, what appearance does it give the enamel surface?

A

a frosty appearance

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17
Q

what is the purpose of the frosty, roughened surfaced produced by etching?

A

it provides a substrate for infiltration of bonding agents

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18
Q

after bonding agents penetrate the roughened enamel surfaces formed by etching, they are _____, forming a ______ bond to the enamel surface.

A

polymerized, micromechanical

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19
Q

T or F:

near the DEJ, enamel is commonly more prismatic, making it less difficult to etch

A

false:

enamel is commonly aprismatic at the DEJ, making it more difficult to etch

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20
Q

why is surface enamel more difficult to etch compared to subsurface enamel?

A
  • surface enamel has a significantly higher fluoride concentration compared to subsurface enamel
21
Q

what type of crystal structure does hydroxyapatite have?

A

hexagonal

22
Q

biological apatite has many more defects and chemical substitutions than ideal hydroxyapatite. what is the disadvantage of this?

A

makes the biological apatite less stable and more soluble in acids

23
Q

enamel and dentin hydroxyapatite is calcium deficient, carbonate-rich, and highly substituted. what are some common substitutes, and which is the most beneficial?

A
  • Mg and Na substitute for Ca
  • carbonate substitutes for phosphate and hydroxyl groups
  • most beneficial: fluoride ion substitues for hydroxyl group, making the crystal stronger and less soluble
24
Q

what is a fluoroapatite mineral?

A
  • results from the substitution of a fluoride ion for the hydroxyl group of a hydroxyapatite mineral
  • it is less soluble than hydroxyapatite and provides more protection against caries
25
Q

what is odontogenesis?

A

the development of teeth and their supporting structures from embryonic tissues

26
Q

which cells are responsible for dentin formation?

A

odontoblasts

27
Q

which stage of tooth development do odontoblasts differentiate from the outer cells of the dental papilla?

A

the bell stage

28
Q

the pulp develops from the ____ cells of the dental papilla

A

central

29
Q

T or F:

in tooth development, the basement membrane represents the location of the future DEJ

A

true

30
Q

what is the dentin-pulp complex?

A

the term used to describe dentin and pulp due to their similar embryonic origins

31
Q

where are odontoblasts found?

A

on the outer wall of the pulp, immediately medial to the advancing wall of dentin

32
Q

T or F:

odontoblasts make dentin for the first half of the cell life only

A

false:

they continue to make dentin throughout the life of the cell

33
Q

____ are a distinct feature of dentin, and represent the tracks taken by _____ as they retreat from the DEJ during development.

A

tubules, odontoblasts

34
Q

T or F:

tubule density and intertubular dentin is consistent from location to location inside dentin

A

false:

tubules converge as they approach the pulp chamber, so tubule and intertubular dentin density and orientation varies from location to location

35
Q

the contents of dentin tubules are ______ and _____.

A

odontoblastic processes and fluid

36
Q

the extent that the odontoblastic process occupies the tubule has not been conclusively established, but at this time it is believed to extend to the ____.

A

DEJ

37
Q

what lines the dentin tubule lumen?

A
  • a highly mineralized cuff of peritubular dentin aka intratubular dentin
  • contains mostly apatite crystals and little or no organic collagen matrix
38
Q

where is tertiary dentin found?

A

only under dentinal tubules that have been exposed to trauma, at the outer pulpal wall

39
Q

what is transparent/sclerotic dentin?

A

a type of tertiary dentin that develops following trauma, and is characterized by tubules being partially occluded with mineral

40
Q

what is the smear layer?

A
  • a layer of debris left on a tooth surface following tooth preparation with a rotary instrument
  • the smear layer is removed by etching
41
Q

what effect does acid etching have on tubule lumen width?

A

the longer the acid etching, the wider the tubule lumen becomes

42
Q

why is bonding to transparent dentin difficult?

A
  • tubules may retain plugs after etching due to the tendancy of transparent dentin tubules to be occluded with mineral
43
Q

T or F:

an important element of dentin bonding technique is to keep the demineralized dentin dry

A

false:

  • demineralized dentin should be kept moist to avoid shrinkage of the dentin matrix and subsequent difficulty in penetration of the bonding agent to the tubules
44
Q

what is the significance of scalloping at the DEJ?

A

scalloping serves to increase the effective interfacial area and strengthen the bond between enamel and dentin

45
Q

during odontogenesis, the cells of the inner enamel epithelium differentiate into ______, and the outer cells of the dental papilla differentiate into _____.

A

preameloblasts, odontoblasts

46
Q

describe the role of odontoblasts in dentin formation

A
  • they secrete dentin matrix on their side of the basement membrane
  • they then retreat into the central cells of the dental papilla as matrix and dentin is formed
  • at this point, the basement membrane desintegrates
47
Q

describe the role of ameloblasts in enamel formation

A
  • after odontoblasts form dentin and the basement membrane disintegrates, preameloblasts differentiate into ameloblasts
  • ameloblasts secrete enamel matrix
  • the DEJ is established as these two hard tissues are formed
48
Q

what are enamel spindles the result of?

A
  • before enamel forms, some of the developing odontoblastic processes extend into the ameloblast layer
  • when enamel formation begins, they become trapped as enamel spindles

Dental Materials Supplemental Cards (6 decks)

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