Dental Equipment Flashcards
What are the different types of dental equipment used?
Intraoral unit
Otrthopantomography OPG equipment
Cephalometry ceph equipment
Cone beam computed tomography CBCT
What infection control must be considered with dental equipment specifically?
Saliva transfer and cross contamination
Why do we need mobile dental extra equipment?
They can be used in dental spaces which may not have a lot of space so it makes it compact
What are the ideal requirements of dental equipment?
Safe and accurate
Capable of generating x-rays in the desired energy range and with adequate mechanisms for heat removal
Small
Easy to manoeuvre and position
Stable, balanced and steady
Easily folded and stored
Simple
Capable of both film and digital imaging
Robust
What is the construction of Intraoral tubehead?
It contains:
- stationary and a tube insert
– high tension transformer ( step down; 240 V > low voltage to heat)
Filament
Mounted On a gimbal
Oil does heat removal
Aluminium filtration to remove low energy (soft) X-rays
Lead shield to minimise X-ray leakage
Earthed via it’s supply cable and mounting
Output required is low and does not require bulky insulation
What is the collimator on the intraoral tube head?
A metal disc or cylinder with central aperture designed to shape and limit the beam size to that of the image receptor
What is a cone in intraoral imaging?
Space recall are been indicating device
The device is used for indicating the direction of the beam and setting the ideal distance from the focal spot to the skin
20cm away from skin if sets are operating above 60 KV
In centimetre away from skin if sets are operating below 60kv
Most cones are now rectangular – if the colour circular a special attachment is used to cover the area of the image receptor- lower dose
Describe the intra oral supporting arm:
Multi jointed
Loose enough to be flexed but take enough to hold the set angulations
Our Winkels is the cable which place is the high tension of filament transformer windings
Only low-voltage supply cable is required – so no bulky cables required
What are the main components of an intraoral control panel?
Mains off/switch/key and warning light
timer
Exposure time selector
X-ray warning lights and audible signal
Exposure button
Patient size selector
Mains voltage compensator
KV selector
M a switch
Exposure adjustment for digital imaging
To supply is fed from the control panel for the mains voltage is fed

Exposure selection in an intraoral:
Dental intraoral… are usually between 60 to 70 KV
have preprogram timings set
fixed MA
Exposure button is on a flexible lead which permits operator to stand outside the control idea – 1.5 m allowed the patient or behind a protective screen
What is a intraoral film?
On-screen film – sometimes referred to as packet film
Single use – then disposed
What are the different components of an intraoral Fillm?
Inside the film packet:
X-ray film
Black paper – protect from light and finger damage
Then sheet lead file – absorb scatter and prevent residual radiation passing through
What is digital imaging in dental imaging and what are the benefits of it?
Usually two different size sensor plates
Sensor has wire attachment for information to be sent directly to computer for image production
(Some newer digital sets are now wireless)
Can use computer to determine dental settings and protocols
Multiple images can be displayed on the screen at the same time
Digital manipulation of the images
How is digital imaging set up?
Intraoral solid-state detector
Holder
Where to connect with imaging systems (some are wireless)
What is Orthopantomography (OPG)?
It’s a sectional radiograph produced by moving equipment
How does an OPG take an image?
X-ray set and image receptor/cassette carriage are linked so they move around a central pivot
Tomogram
How is a OPG set up?
Consists of an image receptor
Head clamps
X-ray tube
Bite Road/chin rest
Handles
Describe the x-ray beam collocation on an OPG:
The x-ray beam is very tightly collimated into another fan cheap theme by a slip after at the tube head (like collimators on an x-ray set that are fixed to a narrow slit)
Why is the x-ray beam angled upwards on OPG?
upwards by approximately 7 to 8° to avoid superimposition of some anatomical structures
(Reduces the clearest view with the least superimposition of the cervical spine, mastoid air cells, Petrous temporal bone and hard palate)
What is the typical focal spot for an x-ray beam in an OPG?
0.6 MM
Describe the rotation of the x-ray beam:
 The rotation of the beam is not linear but is modified to allow for the elliptical dental arch
What affect does the rotation of the beam have on the centre of rotation on an OPG?
This means the equipment follows a few different centres of rotation often 3 to compensate for this anatomy
What is a slit diaphragm and sections?
OPG
When the x-ray beam reaches the receiver there is a slit diaphragm which is the width of a section
The x-ray image is made up of the build up of multiple sections
What does the control panel Allow the operator to do?
Select KVP and Ma – now usually preprogrammed
Adjust the height of the equipment
I just position of the Bay peg dash lights
Select the field size
Select size of patient that child, small, large
Field limitation options
Modern units have an AED control
What kind of manipulation does digital software (OPG) allow?
Brightness
Contrast
Magnification
Change size
Add text or measurements
What is cephalometry used for?
To assess the relationship of the teeth to the jar and goes to the rest of the fish are skeleton
What What does a cephalometry exam involve?
Involve the measurement and a person of specific points distances are lines of the facial Skelton
What is the construction of a cephalostat?
Consists of:
Head positioning and stabilising apparatus
Cassette/image receptor holder
Optional anti-scatter grid
Aluminium wage filter to attenuate the beams like to be in the region of soft tissue
Earplugs
Nasion support
Why is a cephalostat in a fixed position?
So that successive images are reproducible and comparable
Cephalostat conventional - how is magnification reduced?
The SID is usually in the range of 1 50–180 cms
Ceph digital - what is the different features compared to conventional?
Cassette carriage
Sensor
Movement of beam
Image processing time
No. Of collimator
Aliminium step wedge??
Phosphor plates replace cassette carriage
No anti-scatter grid
The sensors design for the particular equipment – not same size as cassette
During the exposure of the x-ray beam and sensor move either horizontally or vertically to scan the patient
The final images take a few seconds to build up
secondary collimator ensures continuity between x-ray beam and the sensory
Aluminium step word filter is not included and is enHanced using computer software instead
What is dental cone beam CT/comparison to conventional?
Dose
Shape of beam
Detector
Same theory as conventional city
Cone beam is lower dose than conventional
Uses cone beam rather than a flat fan-shaped beam
Detector such as an amorphous silicon flat panel or image intensifier reads attenuation info
How does the cone beam CT work?

Equipment rotate around the patient taking approximately 20–40 seconds
The computer collect information from the field of you and then interprets the data into Voxels
The voxels are then reconstructed into recognisable images and can be used in secondary are multiplanar reconstruction
What key does cone beam CT usually use?
Typically employs a high KV (90– 110 KV)
What is Post beam and why is that used in cone beam CT?
Pulsing the beam means that the patient is exposed for less time with much lower doses are achieved but with the same information
Pulse beam to minimise soft tissue absorption
What planes can cone beam CT image?
Axial coronal sagittal and using specialised software can create 3-D
Briefly describe the construction and function of ortho pantomography (OPG equipment?
Do this question with all the equipment!
