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Small Animal Dentistry > Dental Development / Normal Anatomy > Flashcards

Dental Development / Normal Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is Odontogenesis? (definition)

A

Tooth development

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2
Q

When do teeth start to develop? what are the parts of the tooth germ? What do they become?

A
  • Rudimentary signs start around day 25 in utero
  • Tooth Germ:
    • Odontogenic epithelium - Forms enamel
    • Dental follicle - forms structures associated with periodontal ligament
    • Dental papilla - forms tooth pulp and dentin
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3
Q

What are the different stages of tooth development?

A
  • Stages refer to the histologic shape of the epithelial tooth germ
    • Bud
    • Cap
    • Bell
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4
Q

Tooth bud stage

A
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5
Q

Tooth Cap stage

A
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6
Q

Tooth bell stage

A
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7
Q

Late bell stage

A
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8
Q

tooth crown stage

A
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9
Q

How is the tooth crown developed?

A
  1. Inner enamel epithelium transform into ameloblasts
  2. Ameloblasts lay down enamel matrix at the end of the bell stage
  3. Matrix is crystals placed within rods
  4. Maturation - crystals grow in size and are tightly packed
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10
Q

What is Enamel?

A
  • Hard calcified tissue covering the crown of the tooth
    • 96% inorganic - hydroxyapatite crystals (calcium phosphate) fluoride, magnesium, strontium
    • 4% organic - water and fibrous material - mostly in the enamel sheath
  • NO ability to regenerate
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11
Q

What is the structure of Enamel?

A
  • Thinnest at the cementoenamel junction
  • Organized in rods radiating from the dentin surface outward
  • rods are surrounded by an enamel sheath
    • 0.1 - 0.3 mm cat
    • 0.1 - 0.6 mm dog
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12
Q

How do tooth roots develop?

A
  • Formation after the general form of the crown is present
  • Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath - formed from the outer and inner enamel epithelium
  • Grows rapidly apically
  • Odontoblasts within the dental mesenchyme start to produce dentin
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13
Q

What can cause the root abnormality seen in the right picture?

A
  • Any infection that results in a high fever at about ____
  • Usually distemper
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14
Q

What is the structures of a tooth?

A
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15
Q

What is Dentin?

A
  • Hard tissue comprising the bulk of the tooth
  • Produced by odonetoblasts within the pulp tissue
  • 70% inorganic hydroxyapatite crystals
  • 30% organic water and collagen
  • Yellowish
  • Arranged in tubules extending form pulp to enamel
  • Odontoblast extension is in each tubule - Tomes’ fiber
  • Diameter of the tubules
    • 2.2 - 2.5um dog
    • 1.0 - 2.0 um cat
  • 30000 - 50000 tubules / mm2
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16
Q

What are the different types of dentin?

A
  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Tertiary (or Reparative/Reactionary)
  • Sclerotic
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17
Q

When is primary dentin formed?

A

Formed before the eruption of the tooth

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18
Q

When is secondary Dentin formed

A
  • formed after the eruption of the tooth
  • laid down over a life time in highly organized layers of tubules that reduce the width of the pulp chambers as the animal ages
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19
Q

When is tertiary dentin formed

A
  • formed due to external stimulus such as injury and irritation often in an unorganized manner
  • “osseosdentin”
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20
Q

what is sclerotic dentin

A
  • the tubule is mineralized
  • More frequently with age and trauma
  • increases the transparency of dentin
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21
Q

What is tooth pulp

A
  • mesodermal dental papilla
  • Comprised of blood vessel, nerves, fibroblasts, collagen fibers, undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells and odontoblasts
  • In the center of the tooth
  • Blood supply enters through the apical delta
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22
Q

What does a tooth look like histologically

A
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23
Q

What is the anatomy of the periodontium?

A
  • Gingiva
    • free gingiva
    • gingival sulcus
    • attached gingiva
  • Periodontal ligament (PDL)
  • Cementum
  • Alveolar bone
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24
Q

What is Gingiva? function? composition?

A
  • Function:
    • protect underlying structures from mechanical trauma
    • provide an epithelial barrier
    • plays an active role in the immune response to pathogens
  • Composed of:
    • Free gingiva ( “marginal” “unattached”)
    • Attached gingiva
    • Interdental gingiva
25
Q

What is the Periodontal Ligament (PDL)?

A
  • Coninuous with gingival tissues
  • Anchors the tooth in the alveolus
  • Act like a shock absorber during mastication
  • Active in periodontium maintenance
  • Vascular and regenerative tissue
26
Q

What is the periodontal ligament comprised of?

A
  • immune cells
  • neurovascular cells
  • Dense Type 1 collagen bundles (Sharpey’s fibers)
    • insert into the cementum and the alveolar bone
  • fibroblasts
  • Osteoblasts
  • Cementoblasts
  • Blood supply from alveolar bone, gingiva and apical delta
27
Q

What is Cementum?

A
  • Anchors the periodontal ligament to the tooth
  • this is regenerative tissue
  • Made by cementoblasts in the periodontal ligament
  • 50% inorganic
28
Q

What is Alveolar Bone? Function? composition?

A
  • Attachment for the periodontal ligament
  • Supports the teeth
  • Helps redistribute forces of mastication
  • 3 layers:
    • Cribriform plate - cortical bone - next to tooth
    • Cortical plate - cortical bone - covered with periosteum
    • Cancellous or trabecular bone - between the 2 plates
  • Constantly being remodeled as it responds to the forces placed upon it.
29
Q

What types of teeth do dogs and cats have?

A
  • Heterodont - vary in shape, have different functions
  • Thecodont - set in a socket using gomphosis as the anchoring
  • Brachydont - short supragingival crown covered in enamel, longer root sub gingival with a cemental covering
  • Secodont - cheek teeth with cutting cusps
  • Diphydont - 2 sets of teeth
    • deciduous (“baby”
    • permanent
30
Q

What are deciduous teeth

A
  • First set of teeth that are shed and replaced by permanent teeth
    • If a deciduous tooth is absent, no permanent tooth will be present
      • (need to have a deciduous tooth to have a permanent)
    • Can have a deciduous tooth and not have a permanent tooth follow
    • Deciduous premolars’ crowns may not look like the permanent counterparts
31
Q

What are permanent dentition? types?

A
  • Final set of teeth which are larger and more durable
    • dog 42 teeth by 7mo
    • cat - 30 teeth by ~6
32
Q

Dental formula for a dog? (deciduous and permanent)

A
33
Q

Dental formula for a cat? (deciduous and permanent)

A
34
Q

When do teeth normally erupt in dogs? (deciduous and permanent)

A
35
Q

When do teeth normally erupt in cats? (deciduous and permanent)

A
36
Q

What is mixed dentition?

A
37
Q

What is the function of incisors?

A
  • scooping up, cutting, picking at/up food
  • grooming
38
Q

What is the function of canines?

A
  • Piercing / holding prey
  • slashing /tearing
39
Q

What is the function of premolars?

A
  • Holding, carrying food
  • breaking food into smaller pieces
40
Q

What is the function of molars?

A

grind food into smaller pieces

41
Q

How does the Modified Triadan system work? deciduous? permanent?

A
42
Q

What is the “rule of 4’s and 9’s”?

A
43
Q

define mesial

A

most rostral surface of the tooth towards the midline

44
Q

define distal

A

most caudal surface of the tooth away from midline

45
Q

define buccal

A

surface of the premolar/molar teeth adjacent to the cheek

46
Q

define labial

A

surface of the incisor/canine teeth adjacent to the lips

47
Q

define palatal

A

medial surface of maxillary teeth, adjacent to the palate

48
Q

define lingual

A

medial surface of mandibular teeth, adjacent to the tongu

49
Q

deffine occlusal

A

surface of the premolars and molars that contact the corresponding surfaces of the opposite jaw

50
Q

define coronal

A

toward the crown

51
Q

define apical

A

toward the rooth tip

52
Q

define cusp

A

an elevation on the crown

53
Q

define interproximal

A

space or surface between 2 adjacent teeth

54
Q

define furcation

A

area between the roots of the same tooth (only for multi-rooted teeth)

55
Q

What is a Class 1 Malacclusion?

A
  • Neutroclusion
    • A normal rostral-caudal relationship of the maxillary and mandibular dental arches with malpositio of one or more individual teeth
56
Q

How are individual teeth in a malocclusion qualified?

A
  • defined by:
    • Distoversion
    • Mesioversion
    • Linguoversion
    • Palatoversion
    • Labioversion
    • Buccoversion
    • Rostral crossbite
    • Caudal crossbite
57
Q

What is Class 2 Malocclusion?

A
  • Symmetrical Skeletal Malocclusions
  • Mandibular disocclusion:
    • An abnormal rostral-caudal relationship between the dental arches in which the mandibular arch occludes caudal to its normal position relative to the maxillary arch
58
Q

What is a Class 3 Malocclusion?

A
  • Mandibular mesioclusion (MAL/3)
    • abnormal rostral-caudal relationship between dental arches in which the mandibular arch occludes rostral to its normal position relative to the maxillary arch (underbite)
  • Can be the breed standard
59
Q

What is a Class 4 Malocclusion?

A
  • Maxillomandibular Asymmetry
  • Asymmetry in a rostrocaudal, side-to-side, or dorsoventral direction
  • “wry bite” - not a specific description
  • Treatment depends on abnormal finding - goal pain free occlusion

Small Animal Dentistry (1 decks)

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