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Periodontology > Dental Calculus and Ultrasonics > Flashcards

Dental Calculus and Ultrasonics Flashcards

1
Q

What initiates periodontal disease?

A

Plaque initiates the immune response

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2
Q

What is the aim of periodontal treatment?

A

To reduce pathogens in the subgingival biofilm to a level which is conducting to healing

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3
Q

What is calculus?

A

inert deposit found on root surfaces when plaque gets calcified

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4
Q

Where do you normally find calculus?

A

lingual aspects of teeth and around upper 6s

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5
Q

Why do you commonly find calculus on lingual aspects of teeth and around upper 6s?

A

sublingual and parotid glands constantly secreting saliva

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6
Q

What is another form of calculus in the oral cavity?

A

tonsils tones

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7
Q

In what instance is calculus not a problem?

A

If the patient isnt susceptible to periodontal disease OR has no LOA

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8
Q

What makes calculus a plaque retentive factor?

A

It creates a rough surface for more plaque to stick to

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9
Q

Where do you find supragingival calculus?

A

above the gum

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10
Q

What colour is supra gingival calculus?

A

yellow - brown

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11
Q

Where do you commonly find supra gingival calculus?

A

opposite openings of salivary ducts (lingual lower incisors, buccal upper molars)

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of supra gingival plaque?

A

Fairly hard and brittle
Matt
Looks like demineralised enamel

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13
Q

What type of calculus is found above the gum?

A

supra gingival

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14
Q

What type of calculus is yellow/ brown in colour?

A

Supra gingival

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15
Q

How do you detect supragingival calculus?

A

drying teeth with 3in1

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16
Q

Where is subgingival calculus?

A

below gum

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17
Q

What type of calculus is found below gum?

A

subgingival

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18
Q

what colour is subgingival calculus?

A

dark green - black

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19
Q

what type of calculus is dark green - black in colour?

A

subgingival

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20
Q

where do you commonly find subgingival calculus?

A

attached to root surfaces, within periodontal pockets throughout the mouth

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21
Q

what are the characteristics of subgingival calculus?

A

very hard

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22
Q

why is subgingival calculus dark green- black in colour?

A

chromogenic bacteria and metabolism of blood-based products

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23
Q

How may you detect subgingival calculus?

A

gently blowing with 3in1
cross calculus probe on root surfaces
CP12

24
Q

When may you see subgingival calculus on a radiograph?

A

if its calcified enough

25
Q

What is grey-tinges gingival between incisors a sign of?

A

subgingival calculus

26
Q

What is a cross calculus probe used for?

A

detecting calculus

27
Q

What does a cross calculus probe look like?

A

double ended

28
Q

When using a cross calculus probe where should the lower shank be?

A

parallel to the long axis of the tooth

29
Q

When placing a cross calculus probe in the pocket where should hook side be facing?

A

facing the tooth

30
Q

What are the 5 things you must consider when choosing when to hand or power scale?

A
  1. the patient
  2. the deposit
  3. the site
  4. the skill
  5. time
31
Q

Why must surfaces be checked by hand after using a power scaler?

A

its hard to detect residual deposits on toots while using power scaler

32
Q

Where can a power scaler be used?

A

supra and sub gingivally

33
Q

What does the water spray in a power scaler provide?

A

constant lavage and irrigation

34
Q

What are the 2 types of power scalers?

A

ultrasonic and sonic

35
Q

What generates an ultrasonic power scaler?

A

piezo-electricity OR magnetostricition

36
Q

what generates a sonic scaler?

A

passage of compressed air

37
Q

What frequency does the working tip of sonic scaler work at?

A

6-8kHz

38
Q

What movement is the tip of a sonic scaler?

A

elliptical to almost circular

39
Q

what are micro-mega, titan, kavo examples of?

A

sonic scalers

40
Q

what frequency does the working tip of an ultrasonic scaler oscillate at?

A

25-42kHz

41
Q

What are the 2 types of ultrasonic scalers?

A

piezo-electric and magnetostrictive

42
Q

What odes the piezo-electric scaler incorporate?

A

a crystal of piezo-electric material

43
Q

When do vibrations of the magnetostrictive scaler not work?

A

if held too hard

44
Q

What is the general mechanism of power scalers?

A

mechanically remove deposits via oscillation/ vibration of tip

45
Q

What are the 2 effects of power scaling?

A

cavitation and acoustic microstreaming

46
Q

what is cavitation?

A

knocks calculus off and kills anaerobic bacteria with bubbles of energy growing and imploding

47
Q

if cavitation doesnt occur what does it inhibit?

A

acoustic microstreaming

48
Q

what is acoustic microstreaming?

A

movement of fluid adjacent to the vibrating tip and generates stresses within intermediate area which damages bacterial cell wall

49
Q

What is the overall effect of cavitation and acoustic microstreaming on bacteria?

A

affect the permeability of bacterial cell membrane

50
Q

What type of patients cant you use power scalers on?

A
  • patients with hearing aid
  • patients with indwelling cardiac device/ implant/ cochlear implant
  • patients with TB, throat, and respiratory infections
  • patients who cant tolerate high volume aspiration
51
Q

what do power scalers emit?

A

electromagnetic radiation

52
Q

what device can electromagnetic radiation interfere with?

A

cardiac pacemakers

53
Q

at what distance can electromagnetic radiation effect cardiac pacemakers?

A

1 metre

54
Q

what rate of coolant is needed with power scalers?

A

20ml/ minute

55
Q

what type of scalers do implants require?

A

carbon and plastic cover tips

56
Q

Where does the most damage come from on a power scaler?

A

the tip

Periodontology (4 decks)

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