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Operative Board Review > Dental Anatomy, Histology, Physiology, and Occlusion > Flashcards

Dental Anatomy, Histology, Physiology, and Occlusion Flashcards

1
Q

Enamel formation is done via what process, and involves what cells?

A

Amelogenesis
Ameloblast

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2
Q

What embryonic germ layer does ameloblast derive from?

A

ectoderm

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3
Q

What location of the tooth has the thicker/thinner layer of enamel

A

Enamel is thicker at the incisal/occlusal areas and thins out until it reaches the CEJ (ranging 2-3mm in thickness)

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4
Q

Cusps develop from individual _______.

A

ossification centers, which form into developmental lobes

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5
Q

the separation of cusps result in _____ and ______.

A

grooves and fossae (areas of coalescence)

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6
Q

A functional cusp that opposes a groove or fossa occludes where

A

on enamel inclines on each side of the groove and not in the depth of the groove (leaves a v shaped escape path between the cusp and its opposing groove for the movement of food during chewing)

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7
Q

the failure/compromised coalescence of enamel results in

A

a fissure

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8
Q

noncoalesced enamel at the deepest point of a fossa is termed

A

pit

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9
Q

fissures and pits represent what type of areas

A

non-self-cleaning areas where acidogenic biofilm accumulates and predisposes the tooth to caries

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10
Q

what is the largest mineral constituent of enamel

A

hydroxyapatite

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11
Q

what is the % of hydroxyapatite in enamel

A

90-92%

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12
Q

mineral constituent of enamel

A

hydroxyapatite (90-92%)
organic matrix protein (1-2%)
water (4-12%)

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13
Q

Enamel rods

A

“prisms” that are the largest structural part of of enamel and are formed appositionally

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14
Q

Appositional deposition of enamel rods are called?

A

Striae of retzius

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15
Q

Lines of Pickerill

A

incomplete, alternatiting lines of retzius noticeable on the enamel surface

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16
Q

Perikymata

A

space in between the lines of Pickerill that are parallel to the CEJ

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17
Q

how many enamel rods are there?

A

5-12 million

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18
Q

how are enamel rods positioned?

A

perpendicular to the DEJ EXCEPT in the cervical region of permanent teeth, where they are oriented outward in a slightly apical direction

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19
Q

the cervical layer of the tooth is missing what? how are the hydroxyapatite crystals oriented?

A

the cervical layer of enamel is prism-less (known as prismless enamel), and crystals are parallel to one another and perpendicular to the striae of retzius

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20
Q

enamel rods are formed by what cells

A

ameloblast

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21
Q

what direction are enamel rods produced in

A

alternating clockwise and counterclockwise

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22
Q

Why are enamel rods produced in alternating patterns

A

minimizes the fracture of then in the axial direction

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23
Q

what is the term of the alternating deposition of bands in enamel

A

hunter-schreger bands

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24
Q

what is the nasmyth membrane

A

a membrane layer that covers the ends of the enamel rods

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25
Q

the nasmyth membrane is replaces by what structure

A

the pellicle and it is formed by salivary proteins

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26
Q

apatite crystals are arrange how (what is the degrees of the arrangement)

A

65-degree angle parallel to the long axis of the

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27
Q

what is the permeable route of transmission of ions and molecules within enamel

A

rod sheaths, enamel cracks

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28
Q

enamel lamellae

A

thin, leaflike faults between the enamel rod groups and are mostly made of organic material and predispose the tooth to caries.

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29
Q

enamel maturation

A

age-like maturation of the enamel matrix that decreases its permeability

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30
Q

when is enamel soluble (whats the environment?) and travels in what direction

A

in acidic conditions and goes from the enamel surface to the DEJ

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31
Q

what does fluoride ions do to enamel

A

these ions, during enamel formation or applied topically to its surface, DECREASES its solubility

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32
Q

fluoride concentration decreases in what direction

A

from the surface to the DEJ

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33
Q

fluoride can effect what properties of enamel

A
  1. hardness of the apatite mineral
  2. chemical reactivity
  3. stability
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34
Q

fluoride works to decrease/increase what things

A
  1. DECREASE acid solubility
  2. DECREASE rate of demineralization
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35
Q

The density of enamel also decreases in what direction

A

from the surface to the DEJ

36
Q

enamel is a rigid surface that is both ____ and _____.

A

strong and brittle

37
Q

enamel’s elastic modulus is

A

high

38
Q

enamel’s compressive strength is

A

high

39
Q

enamel’s tensile strength is

A

low

40
Q

dentin’s elastic modulus is

A

low

41
Q

dentin’s compressive strength is

A

high

42
Q

dentin’s tensile strength is

A

high

43
Q

the junction of enamel and dentin is described as having what kind of appearance

A

scalloped with enamel projections into the dentin

44
Q

enamel rods that lack projection into dentin are classified as being

A

easy to fracture

45
Q

enamel rods should be

A

supported by dentin

46
Q

pulp and dentin are formed by what structure

A

the papilla of the tooth bud

47
Q

what are the 4 main functions of the pulp

A
  1. formative/developmental
  2. nutritive
  3. sensory (protective)
  4. defensive/reparative
48
Q

primary and secondary dentin is formed by what cells

A

odontoblast

49
Q

dentin nociceptors are unique because

A

various stimuli elicit pain ONLY as a response - not differentiating between heat, touch, pressure, or chemicals

50
Q

the pulp is lined on its periphery by

A

a cellular layer of odontoblast, the cell free zone, and the cell rich zone

51
Q

dentin is formed by what cellular process and by what cells

A

dentinogenesis
odontoblast

52
Q

tomes fibers

A

odontoblastic cells that are apart of the pulp cavity and extend in the tubules of the mineralized dentin

53
Q

what happens/what are they called when odontoblasts cross into the enamel

A

enamel spindles

54
Q

dentin formation begins before or after enamel formation

A

immediately before.

extracellular collagen is generated after they move away from ameloblast

55
Q

the most recent layer of dentin is always formed on what surface

A

pulpal surface

56
Q

new dentin is mineralized or unmineralized

A

unmineralized (pre-dentin)

57
Q

primary dentin is typically completed when

A

3 years after eruption

58
Q

where does secondary dentin form

A

on all internal aspects of the pulp cavity
(thicker on the roof and floor of multi-rooted teeth)

59
Q

what is the composition of human dentin

A

50% inorganic material
30% organic material

60
Q

the organic material of dentin is composed of what

A

90% type I collagen
10% noncollagenous proteins

61
Q

the mineral content of dentin is less than____ but more than ______(s).

A

a. enamel
b. cementum and bone

62
Q

the mineral content of dentin increases with

A

age

63
Q

dentin is distinguished from enamel during tooth prep by

A
  1. color and opacity
  2. reflectance
  3. hardness
  4. sound
64
Q

typically what color is dentin

A

yellow-white
(black or brown when exposed to oral fluids)

65
Q

physical, thermal, chemical, bacterial, and traumatic stimuli are detected through what

A

fluid filled dentinal tubules (hydrodynamic theory)

66
Q

hydrodynamic theory suggests what

A

stimulus initiated rapid tubular fluid movement within the dentin tubules accounts for nerve depolarization

67
Q

which is more permeable - coronal or root dentin

A

coronal

68
Q

what odontoblast are first to respond to lesion formation

A

primary odontoblast

69
Q

a high concentration of inflammatory response mediators (cytokines and chemokines) may do what to primary odontoblast

A

signal death

70
Q

occlusion of the tubules lumen does what to the ability of light to pass through

A

increases

71
Q

tertiary dentin is what

A

reactionary

72
Q

tertiary dentin can be classified as

A

reactionary and reparative(structually different)

73
Q

overcontouring in tooth structure results in what

A

increased plaque retention that can lead to a chronic inflammatory state of the gingiva

74
Q

what is the function of proximal contacts

A

they promote normal healthy interdental papillae filling the interproximal space

75
Q

where is the proximal contact located

A

the incisal third of the approximating surfaces

76
Q

where is the ‘col’ located

A

lying beneath the contact area

77
Q

embrasures are covered by what type of epithelium

A

nonkeratinized

78
Q

which embrasure is typically bigger - lingual or facial

A

lingual

79
Q

what are dental caries

A

a preventable, chronic, and biofilm mediated disease modulated by diet

80
Q

caries is caused primarily by

A

imbalance of the oral flora (biofilm) due to the presence of fermentable dietary carbohydrates on the tooth surface over time

81
Q

the critical pH level for enamel is ____ and ____ for dentin

A

5.5 and 6.2

82
Q

a low pH does what to tooth structure

A

remove calcium and phosphate (demineralization)

83
Q

caries is a balance between

A
  1. time
  2. fermentable carbohydrates
  3. host
  4. cariogenic biofilm
84
Q

dental plaque

A

soft tenacious film accumulation on the surface of teeth

85
Q
A

Operative Board Review (7 decks)

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