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Microbio > Dengue and malaria > Flashcards

Dengue and malaria Flashcards

1
Q

dengue mosquitoes

A

Aedes aegypti
Aedes albopictus

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2
Q

who is prone to dengue shock syndrome

A
  • Infants less than 1 year with primary dengue infection
  • Children 1 year older while experiencing a second dengue infection (majority) `
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3
Q

diagnosis of dengue

A

Serological tests:
PCR and NS1 antigen: during viraemia
Dengue IgM ELISA: more than 1 week after acute infection

Blood tests:
Thrombocytopenia (low platelet count)
- Haematocrit increased by 20% or more

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4
Q

symptoms of dengue fever

A
  • 85% are asymptomatic, rest appear w influenza like symptoms
    • Abrupt onset of high fever lasting 2-7 days
    • Severe headache with retro-orbital pain
    • Muscle & joint pain
    • Generalized rash
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5
Q

2 complications of dengue

A

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF)
Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS)

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6
Q

symptoms of dengue hemorrhagic fever

A
  • acute onset of continuous high fever lasting 2-7 days
  • Haemorrhagic manifestations, including at least positive tourniquet test
  • Petechiae
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7
Q

dengue shock syndrome clinical features

A
  • Acute abdominal pain
  • Cold extremities
  • Oliguria
  • Lethargy

Duration of shock is short; patient may die within 12-24 hours

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8
Q

dengue vaccine

A

Live-attenuated
Tetravalent

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9
Q

treatment of dengue

A

Dengue without warning signs:
Non-severe and usually self limiting

Dengue with warning signs:
- Need strict observation and intervention: intravenous rehydration
- Paracetamol to relieve symptoms

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10
Q

2 other viruses similiar to dengue

A

chikungunya fever and zika fever

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11
Q

differential symptoms and method of diagnosis for chikungunya fever

A

Differential symptoms:
Fever that lasts for 2 days then ends abruptly
Arthritis
Photophobia

Diagnosis:
Detect viral RNA with RT-PCR

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12
Q

4 serotypes of malaria virus

A

Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium malariae
Plasmodium ovale

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13
Q

malaria mosquitoes

A

Anopheles mosquitoes
- A. sundaicus
- coastal , brackish waters
- A. maculatus
- Clear water, streams, hilly areas

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14
Q

what is the gold standard for malaria lab diagnosis

A

Giemsa stain microscopy
Gold standard
BUT
Time-consuming, laborious, requires trained personnel

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15
Q

difference between thick smear and thin smear

A

Thick smear - presence of parasite

Thin smear - Malaria species

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16
Q

thick smear findings

A

Broken or irregular rings: ‘comma’, ‘exclamation marks’ if malaria parasite is present

17
Q

thin smear findings of Pf

A
  • Multiple infections in single RBC (infected RBC same size as uninfected cell)
  • Crescentic (sausage-shaped) gametocytes

Usually trophozoites and gametocytes seen on film

18
Q

thin smear findings of Pv

A
  • Enlarged RBCs
  • Schüffner’s dots

Usually trophozoites, gametocytes and schizonts seen on film

19
Q

symptoms of malaria

A

Prodromal symptoms: Flu-like symptoms, tiredness
Onset symptoms: High fever, headache, chills, vomiting

If untreated within 24 hours, plasmodium falciparum malaria can progress to severe illness, often leading to death

20
Q

severe malaria symptoms

A

Pf is main culprit

Symptoms:
Coma
Acidosis
Jaundice
Death

21
Q

what is rosetting and what is it associated with

A

binding of infected RBC with uninfected RBC
- parasite inside the RBC produces the PfEMP1 protein which is then expressed on the surface of the cell

Associated with coma and death

22
Q

Treatment of uncomplicated Pf malaria

A

Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs)
Artemether + Lumefantrine
Artesunate + Mefloquine

23
Q

Treatment of Pv malaria

A

First Choice: Chloroquine + Primaquine in combination

Choice 2: ACTs + Primaquine
For chloroquine-resistant P. vivax

24
Q

what is primaquine used for and its contraindication

A

Primaquine:
Added to prevent relapses
Dose and frequency of the administration should be guided by the patient’s G6PD enzyme activity

Severe G6PD or Pregnant woman: contraindicated and should NOT be used

25
Q

Treatment of severe malaria

A

Artesunate + Quinine

26
Q

Prophylaxis of Malaria

A

Malarone

Microbio (3 decks)

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