Denal public health Flashcards by Alice Rockliff

What are the 6 social determinants of health

Income and social status
Social support networks
Education and literacy
Cultural environments
Employment and working conditions
Physical environment

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Define heath inequalities

Difference in health status or in distribution of health determinants between different population groups

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Define heath inequity

Differences in health status due to differences in access to health care or ability to take up care

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What is the DMFT dental index

Decayed
Missing
Filled
Teeth

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What is the CPITN index?

Community periodontal index of treatment need

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What is the IOTN index

Index of orthodontic treatment needed

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What is the DDE index

Developmental defects in enamel

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WHO 3 pillars of health promotion

Good governance
Healthy cities
Health literacy

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Ottawa charter 5 actions for health promotion

Create supportive environments
Build healthy public policy
Strengthen community action
Develop personal skills
Re-orient health services

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4 approaches to health improvement

High risk individual approach
Whole population approach
Targeted population approach
Proportionate universalism

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6 strategies for preventing dental caries

Fluoride toothpastes
Water fluoridation
Fluoride varnishes
Fluoride mouth rinses
Fissure sealants
Fluoridated milk

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7 NHS principles

NHS provides a comprehensive service available to all

Access to services is based on clinical need, not an individuals ability to pay

NHS aspires to the highest standards of excellence and professionalism

The patient will be at the heart of everything the NHS does

The NHS works across organisational boundaries

The NHS is committed to providing best value for taxpayers money

The NHS is accountable to the public, communities and patients it serves

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3 systems to pay dentists

Fee per item
Capitation
Salary

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4 barriers to attending for dental care

Financial
Psychological
Physical access
Attitudinal

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3 types of communities requiring dental specialism

Special care dentistry
Prison dentistry
Armed forces dentistry

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3 models of health behaviour

The theory of planned behaviour
The health belief model
Stages of change model

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5 stages of stages of change model

Pre-contemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance

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2 models of stress

Stimulus model of stress
Transactional model of stress

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3 cases for interpreters

Ethical case
Business case
Legal case

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3 reasons why patients don’t adhere to a dentists advice

Patients may believe it may restrict their normal daily routine

Patients may not see the potential benefits for their future oral health by taking these actions

Patients may be unable to recall the advice given to them by the dentist

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4 ways in which recall of information could be improved

Give the most important information first and last
Use written information that patients can take away with them
Provide frequent summaries
Ask the patient to summarise the advice you have given them back to you

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5 factors related to non-adherence

Social and economic
Health care system
Condition related
Therapy related
Patient related

What is inverse care law

Principle that the availabily of good medical or social care tends to vary inversely with the need of the population served

3 demographic factors that significantly affect life expectancy

Sex
Race
Present age

Define prevalence and incidence in relation to disease measurement

Prevalence describes the proportion of people with a disease at any given point or period Incidence is the number of new cases of a disease that occur in a specified period of time

WHO definition of health

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

What are crude rates

Rates computed for an entire population

What are specific rates

Rates computed for a sub-group of the population

What is birth rate

Number of live births per 1000 population in a given year

What is fertility rate

Number of live births per 1000 women aged 15 - 49 in a given year

What is death rate

Number of deaths per 1000 population in that population in a given year

What is infant mortality rate

Number of deaths in infants under 1 per 1000 live births in a given year

What is incidence rate

Number of new cases within within a defined period of time related to the number at risk at that same point in time

What is point prevalence rate

Number of cases existing at a defined point in time related to the number at risk at the same point in time

What is period prevalence rate

The number of cases existing at any time during a defined period related to the average number at risk during the period

What is life expectancy

An estimate of the average number of additional years a person could expected to live

What is Ho

Null hypothesis

What is Ha

Alternative hypothesis

What is a type l error

If Ho is rejected when it is actually true

What is a type ll error

If Ho is not rejected when it is infact false

Bradshaw's taxonomy for defining need for health care

Normative needs: defined by health professionals, based on an assessment against a set of criteria Felt needs: those that people perceive as being important, subjective Expressed needs: arise from felt needs that are expressed in words or action Comparative needs: when an individual or a group is compared to another individual of group and is considered lacking services or resources

What is meant by impairment

Any loss or abnormality of psychological, psychological, anatomical function

What is meant by disability

Restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity within a manner/ range considered normal for a human being

What is meant by a handicap

A disadvantage for a given individual resulting from an impairment or a disability that prevents the fulfilment of a role that is normal

What is a commonly used measure of oral health related quality of life

Oral health impact profile

2 theories of pain

Gate control theory Neuromatrix theory

4 components of malocclusion related qualify of life questionnaire

Dental self-confidence Social impact Physiological impact Aesthetic concern

2 strategies for caries prevention in children

Focus groups in primary schools Motivational interviewing eg. Brief negotiational interview

Ask me 3

What is my main problem What do I need to do Why is it important for me to do this

When do we use problem based coping

When we feel we have control of the situation, thus can manage the source of the problem

When do we use emotional based coping

When we feel we have little control over the situation

4 areas of patients perception in health belief model

Severity of a potential illness Person's susceptibility to that illness Benefits of taking a preventative action Barriers to taking that action

7 components oral health impact profile (OHIP14)

Functional limitation Physical pain Psychological discomfort Physical disability Psychlogical disability Social disability Handicap

6 non social determinants of health

Genetics Early childhood development Age Gender Health services Health behaviour