Demogrophy Flashcards
What do world population trends project for the future?
Predictions vary.. It could increase, level off, or decrease.
Why do we tend to use rates per 1000 or %’s, rather than crude rates in demographics?
It allows us to compare.
What is the demographic transition model? What countries was it developed after?
Demographic transition is a model used to represent the transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system.
What happens in each of the stages of the demographic transition? Stage 1
Stage 1: High Stationary (Pre- Industrial) Characteristics: birth rates and death rates are both very high (approx 40 per 1000) Population is low and fairly level (only a slow increase) Life expectancy is 40-50 This was the case up until 1750 CE High Birth Rate was a result of: Lack of family planning High infant mortality rate Need for workers in agriculture religious/cultural beliefs High Death Rate was a result of: High levels of decrease Famine Lack of water/sanitation Lack of healthcare War High rates of disease
What happens in each of the stages of the demographic transition? Stage 2
State 2: Early Expanding (Transitional) Characteristics: movement to industrial from farming People move to cities High birth rates(35 per 1000), lower death rates (5-20 per 1000)(rate falls quickly) Population increases quickly, will double in 20 years Death rates fall as a result of: Improved healthcare Improved hygiene Improved sanitation Improved food production and storage Decreased infant mortality rate
What happens in each of the stages of the demographic transition? Stage 3
Stage 3- Late Expanding (Industrial)
Characteristics:
Birth rates start to fall.
Death rate continues to fall.
Population continues to rise.
Birth Rates begin to fall because:
Family planning programs begin to take shape. (eg- birth control, education)
Movement from agrarian society to industrialized society
Children viewed as ‘economic liability’ rather than assets.
Machines replace children as workers.
Lower infant mortality rate- ‘baby bank’ argument no longer valid.
What happens in each of the stages of the demographic transition? Stage 4
Stage 4- Low Stationary (Post-Industrial)
Characteristics:
- Very low birth rates (they may even be as low as the death rates)
- Very low death rates
- Population growth rates are slight, at very best.
- These countries are industrialized, generally have high literacy rates, good healthcare
programs, virtually 100% access to clean drinking water.
What happens in each of the stages of the demographic transition? Stage 5
Stage 5- Declining
Death rate levels off as healthcare is at its most advanced state.
The birth rate continues to slowly drop to the point that it is lower than the death rate.
As a result, population levels may end up slowly declining.
Natural increase becomes natural decrease because:
Children are expensive to keep, provide for, and educate in these countries.
More emphasis is put on careers then large families.
What is an example of a country in each of the stages of the DTM.
1: Countries before 1750
2: Africa
3: India/China
4: Canada/France
5: Japan
What are the main issues/problems with this model?
- doesn’t account for net migration rates
- doesn’t tell how long it takes to go through the stages
- doesn’t account for culture
what are the economic tiger countries?
india
china
What is a method of measuring sanitation rates?
Why would we want to look at this in regards to studying demographics?
Looking at the country’s rate for clean drinking water.
Once a country is developed it will have enough clean drinking water for its population
What is the Rule of 70? Know how to calculate some doubling times if need be.
When an area’s population growth rate is divided by 70 it will give you a rough estimation in how many years it will take that country to double its population.
What is a dependency load? What issues may exist with high dependency loads.
The dependency load is the population in a country that does not work. This is usually people aged 0-15, and 65+. If a country had a high dependency load, it can be an issue because the independent load (people who work) will have to pay higher taxes to support them.
Why are birth rates so high in some countries, yet are lower in others?
Birth rates are usually high in less developed countries. They are lower in higher developed countries because of education. Gov’t’s have undergone rigorous education programs to inform its citizens about family planning/birth control. They also provide an education for women’s, which is the best form of birth control. It makes a woman focus on an education/career, which means she will start her family later in life.
Birth rates are also lower in countries with government policies such as the 1 child policy in china.
