demography : migration etc

Question 1

immigration + the uk = 1900-1945

Answer 1

. Irish
.eastern and central European Jews
Canadians + Americans

Question 2

immigration + the uk = post WW2

Answer 2

tens of thousands caribbeans

Question 3

immigration + the uk = 1960s

Answer 3

. south Asians
. increase of migrants from ex-british colonies in Africa

Question 4

immigration + the UK = 1980s onwards

Answer 4

non white immigrants accounted for little over 1/4 of immigration to UK = main source of settlers come from EU

Question 5

emigration + uk - trend

Answer 5

mid 16th century to 1980s onwards - the UK was almost always a net exporter of ppl = more ppl left than arrived

Question 6

some push factors for emigration

Answer 6

• healthcare
• education
• war
  -natural diasters
  -opportunites

Question 8

Politicisation of migration

Answer 8

States have policies to control immigration and deal with cultural diversity

Question 9

Asssimilation

Answer 9

Policies that aim to encourage immigrants to adopt the traditional culture of the host country

Question 10

Multiculturalism

Answer 10

Policies that accept migrants may wish to retain their original or separate cultural identity

Question 11

What is a problem with multiculturalism

Answer 11

The acceptance may be limited to superficial differences e.g food which is shallow diversity rate than fundamental ones e.g veiling of women which is deep diversity

Question 12

one limitation of assimilation policies

Answer 12

They may be counter productive as they mark out ethnic groups as other causing minorities to respond by emphasising their differences as they feel targeted and therefore not adopt the host country culture increasing suspicions around them which could potentially cause conflict

Question 13

What would Marxists say about assimilation policies

Answer 13

They encourage workers to blame migrants for problems e.g employment - they are taking our jobs - fear whipped up by media

This benefits capitalism by dividing the working class as it diverts their attention from the real issue which ch is exploitation and keeps them under a false class consciousness

Question 14

What do functionalists say about social policies on the family

Answer 14

They believe society is built on consensus and that state acts for the benefit of all us : policies help families

Question 15

What did fletcher (1996) say

Answer 15

Health education and housing polices help and support the family in performing its roles

Question 16

Criticisms of functionalist perspective on social policies

Answer 16

Assumes all family members benefit(equally) from these polices e.g feminists

Assume there is a march of progress e.g Marxist argue that polices have often reversed = cutting welfare benefits

Question 17

What did Donzelot (1977)

Answer 17

He takes a conflict approach and says that social polices are a form of the state power over families

Uses Foucault concept of surveillance to show the family is being watched in a range of ways
e.g social workers, health visitors use their knowledge to control and change families

This is particularly targeted to poorer families = seen as the problem

He shows the power of knowledge and experts within society and how they exert their control over families

Question 18

What did condry(2007) say

Answer 18

He notes how the state may seek to control and regulate parenting through imposing parenting orders in a court if they aren’t doing the roles properly e.g parenting classes

Question 19

NR ON SOCIAL POLICIES

Answer 19

they strongly favour the conventional nf
Concerned that recent family diversity is threatening the conventional family and creating social issues and leading to welfare dependency

Question 20

Almond (2006)

Answer 20

He argues laws making divorce easier undermine marriage

The introduction of marriage equality - heterosexual marriage no longer seen as superior

Tax laws discriminate against conventional families

Question 21

Murray (1984)

Answer 21

Increase in lone parent households has resulted in an over generous welfare state

Suggests it creates a perverse incentive where …
This leads to dependency culture

He advocates for the abolition of welfare for single parents

It threatens the family’s two key functions

Question 22

What do NR SAY ABOUT THE INCREASE RIGHTS FOR COHABITATING COUPLES

Answer 22

Their increased rights e.g adoptions causes marriage and cohabitation to seem similar

Question 23

NR SOLUTIONS

Answer 23

• cut welfare state
• reduce taxes - incentive for fathers to go to work
• deny council housing to unmarried teenage mothers
• tax breaks for married couples
• empower the CHILD MAINTENANCE SERVICE to chase fathers
• less state interference overall

Question 24

CRITICISM OF NR ON SOCIAL POLICIES

Answer 24

• feminists argue this is an attempt to re-establish the trad. patriarchal NF and subordinate women
• assumes nf is natural - very subjective, not one family type that applies globally
• ABBOTT + WALLACE(1992) - cutting benefits simply drives the poor into greater poverty

Question 25

FEMINISM ON SOCIAL POLICY

Answer 25

They argue that the state and its policies seek to maintain women’s subordinate role in society etc

Question 26

What do feminists say social polices and taxes etc are based around

Answer 26

They make their assumptions around the normal fam - breadwinner etc

Taxes and benefits are often organised around this assumption as well
This makes life difficult in diff familial set ups

E.g courts assume mother should take custody of child

Maternity leave reinforces mother is primary caregiver

Can be difficult for women to claim benefits

Question 27

Criticism of feminism on social policies

Answer 27

• not all polices are aimed at maintaining patriarchy, some even challenge it e.g equal pay act
• position of women in society has undoubtedly improved in recent yrs

Question 28

What are gender regimes

Answer 28

Feminins argue that social policies reinforce the patriarchal family

Question 29

What did Drew (1995) do

Answer 29

She used the concept of gender regimes as o describe how social polices in different countries can either discourage or encourage gender equality

Question 30

Familistic gender regimes

Answer 30

Where a country bases their family polices in the traditional view of family

E.g in Greece they don’t fund childcare so mothers stay at home

Question 31

Individualistic gender regime

Answer 31

Base their policies on the belief that husbands and wives should be treated equally

She argues most eu countries moving towards this

Question 32

STATE VS MARKET

Answer 32

• polices aren’t cheap and involve major conflicts about who should benefit front then and pay for them
• naive to assume there is an inevitable March of progress view towards gender equality