demography : migration etc Flashcards
immigration + the uk = 1900-1945
. Irish
.eastern and central European Jews
Canadians + Americans
immigration + the uk = post WW2
tens of thousands caribbeans
immigration + the uk = 1960s
. south Asians
. increase of migrants from ex-british colonies in Africa
immigration + the UK = 1980s onwards
non white immigrants accounted for little over 1/4 of immigration to UK = main source of settlers come from EU
emigration + uk - trend
mid 16th century to 1980s onwards - the UK was almost always a net exporter of ppl = more ppl left than arrived
some push factors for emigration
- healthcare
- education
- war
-natural diasters
-opportunites
Politicisation of migration
States have policies to control immigration and deal with cultural diversity
Asssimilation
Policies that aim to encourage immigrants to adopt the traditional culture of the host country
Multiculturalism
Policies that accept migrants may wish to retain their original or separate cultural identity
What is a problem with multiculturalism
The acceptance may be limited to superficial differences e.g food which is shallow diversity rate than fundamental ones e.g veiling of women which is deep diversity
one limitation of assimilation policies
They may be counter productive as they mark out ethnic groups as other causing minorities to respond by emphasising their differences as they feel targeted and therefore not adopt the host country culture increasing suspicions around them which could potentially cause conflict
What would Marxists say about assimilation policies
They encourage workers to blame migrants for problems e.g employment - they are taking our jobs - fear whipped up by media
This benefits capitalism by dividing the working class as it diverts their attention from the real issue which ch is exploitation and keeps them under a false class consciousness
What do functionalists say about social policies on the family
They believe society is built on consensus and that state acts for the benefit of all us : policies help families
What did fletcher (1996) say
Health education and housing polices help and support the family in performing its roles
Criticisms of functionalist perspective on social policies
Assumes all family members benefit(equally) from these polices e.g feminists
Assume there is a march of progress e.g Marxist argue that polices have often reversed = cutting welfare benefits
What did Donzelot (1977)
He takes a conflict approach and says that social polices are a form of the state power over families
Uses Foucault concept of surveillance to show the family is being watched in a range of ways
e.g social workers, health visitors use their knowledge to control and change families
This is particularly targeted to poorer families = seen as the problem
He shows the power of knowledge and experts within society and how they exert their control over families
What did condry(2007) say
He notes how the state may seek to control and regulate parenting through imposing parenting orders in a court if they aren’t doing the roles properly e.g parenting classes
NR ON SOCIAL POLICIES
they strongly favour the conventional nf
Concerned that recent family diversity is threatening the conventional family and creating social issues and leading to welfare dependency
Almond (2006)
He argues laws making divorce easier undermine marriage
The introduction of marriage equality - heterosexual marriage no longer seen as superior
Tax laws discriminate against conventional families
Murray (1984)
Increase in lone parent households has resulted in an over generous welfare state
Suggests it creates a perverse incentive where …
This leads to dependency culture
He advocates for the abolition of welfare for single parents
It threatens the family’s two key functions
What do NR SAY ABOUT THE INCREASE RIGHTS FOR COHABITATING COUPLES
Their increased rights e.g adoptions causes marriage and cohabitation to seem similar
NR SOLUTIONS
- cut welfare state
- reduce taxes - incentive for fathers to go to work
- deny council housing to unmarried teenage mothers
- tax breaks for married couples
- empower the CHILD MAINTENANCE SERVICE to chase fathers
- less state interference overall
CRITICISM OF NR ON SOCIAL POLICIES
- feminists argue this is an attempt to re-establish the trad. patriarchal NF and subordinate women
- assumes nf is natural - very subjective, not one family type that applies globally
- ABBOTT + WALLACE(1992) - cutting benefits simply drives the poor into greater poverty
