Demography Flashcards
what is meant by birth rate
what are some reason for a decline in birthrates
CPOW—> increased educational opportunities + employment with equal pay + laws against discrimination
ECONOMIC LIABILITY—> children were economic asset Child Labour Laws = economic liability
CHILDREN CENTREDNESS —>quality time = less children
what did HARPER 2012 state
that education of women is them most important reason for long term fall of fertility rate & birth rate = change of mindset
what did PILCHER 2005 state
modern childhood is now seen as modern and separate—> society is one more child centred
what is the short term effect of having fewer children
reduce burden dependency
what is the long term affect of having fewer children
fewer working adult in future meaning burden of dependency can increase due to aging population
what does a decline in birth rate suggest to feminists
it shows that women are taking control & women rejecting patriarchal nuclear family —> increase choosing not to have children at all due to perceived motherhood with family
what is meant by infant mortality rate
what is the difference in social class and IMR
lower classes have high IMR than higher classes —> IMR for ethnic groups have generally declined —> babies from black ethnic groups have high rate= stillbirth and deprivation
what are 4 reason for declined infant mortality rate
1.) improved conditions have reduced diseases & immunity improved
2.) better understanding between health & disease
3.) improved healthcare services + mass immunisation against childhood e.g POLIO
4.) medical advances e.g. antibiotics + pressure on govt on improvement in public services
what did BRASS & KABIR 1978 state
smaller families began not i rural area but in the urban area —> IMR remained higher for longer
how has change in position of children resulted in a decline in IMR
children before the 19th century where an economic asset but now they work less and go to school = making them an economic liability
What do postmodernist BECK & GERNISHIEM state about the size of families
society has become individualistic—> people are more concerned on individual needs meaning people no longer feel pressure to follow traditional norms & values
what is meant by death rate
what has happened to death rates since 1990s
death rate has fallen since 1990s however report by kings fund 2022–> covid changed health profile of Englands radically becoming leading cause
what are the reason that death rates have declined
1.) fall in number of deaths from infectious disease such as influenza
2.)improving life standards means degenerative disease such as stroke —> having replaced infectious diseases as main cause
McKeon and death rate
natural resistance increased by improved nutrition—>accounted half reduction in death rate + improved care of babies = social change
TRANTER 1996 and death rate
due to fall in number of infectious diseases such as smallpox —>infectious death were common in infants
Harper 2012 and death rate
greatest fall in death hasn’t come from medical improvement but from reduction of people smoking
Public health measures
improved in 20th century—> laws made such as clean air act + covid 19 wash hands, clear, face keep space
ht is meant by life expectancy
what are the reasons for life expectancy increasing
1.) Social class —> w/c mean are nearly 3 times likely to die before they are 65 compared to managerial jobs
2.) Gender differences —> women are generally expected to live longer than men
Walker 2011 and life expectancy
those living in poorer areas of england die on average 7 years earlier than the rich
what is ageing population
what is going on with the aging population
there is a raising in the aging population —> fewer younger people + more older people
what are 3 effects of the aging population
1.) older people consume larger proportion of health & social care services
2.) number of older living alone increased = women live longer than men
3.) beanpole family
present day society attitude to elderly tend to be more negative
Hirsch 2005 and aging population
number of important factor need to be considered to allow adaptation to new population:
reverse trend of early retirement
plans to finance longer period of old age
change in housing policy = encouraging elder to trade down to smaller houses
more positive attitude to older people
what is the consequences of aging population
1.) Dependency ration increase —> non-working olders are economically dependent on the working age group = taxes to health increase placing a burden on the working class
2.) social contract of aging population —> culture speaks on older people negatively creating an identity of obsolete
Griffith report 1988 & aging population
focus on problems of high cost of health & social service care for elderly people
Townsend 1981 and aging population
reason for negative treatment of old age has been socially constructed by social policy as period of dependency
policy implications Hirsch 2005 and aging population
number of important social polices must change to tackle problems of the aging population —> could continue training older people to work so they can continue earning + they must be encouraged to downsize into smaller homes
creation of pivot generation
factors such as high life expectancy, low death rate, late age of parenting & more working age adults with dual care responsibilities such as turning to care for child and then mother = pivot
finch & mason and the aging population
marxist feminist and pivot generation
what is going on with ageism
