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Sociology > Demography > Flashcards

Demography Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

factors affecting population

A

increase:
- births and immigration
decrease:
- deaths and emigration

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2
Q

birth rate

A

number of live births per thousand

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3
Q

changes in fertility/birth rates:

A
  • more women remain childless
  • women are postponing having children, focused on their careers
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4
Q

reasons for long term decline in birth rate since 1900

A

a range of social, economic, cultural, legal, political and technological factors

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5
Q

Sarah Harper (2012)

A
  • the education of women is the most imp reason for the long term fall in birth and fertility rates
  • smaller fams have become the norm, large fams are seen as deviant
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6
Q

Harper - Decline in infant mortality rates

A
  • a fall in IMR leads to a fall in birth rate
  • if infants die, parents have more kids to compensate for the lost one
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7
Q

Reasons for IMR fall

A
  • improved housing and sanitation
  • better nutrition
  • improved services (antenatal/postnatal clinics)
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8
Q

Children are now an economic liability

A

laws banning child labour - introduced compulsory schooling and raised school leaving age
changing norms - children have a right to expect from their parents

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9
Q

Smaller Vs Larger Families

A

smaller families mean that women are more likely to be free to go to work to provide, better of families are likely to be larger as they can afford childcare and still both work fulltime

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10
Q

Dependency ratio

A

the relationship between the size of the working and productive part of the population and the size of the non working/dependent part of the population

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11
Q

Ageing population

A

there are more old people relative to young people

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12
Q

Decline in death rates - social factors

A
  • improved nutrition
  • medical improvements
  • smoking and diet
  • public heath measures
  • other social changes
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13
Q

Thomas McKeown (1972) - improved nutrition

A

improved nutrition accounted for up to half the reduction in death rates, better nutrition increased resistance to infection

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14
Q

Medical Improvements

A

played no part before 1950s, however after it helped reduce deaths
- introduction of antibiotics, immunisation, etc.

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15
Q

Public health measures

A

improvements in housing - producing drier, better ventilated, less overcrowded accom

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16
Q

Other social changes

A
  • decline of dangerous manual occupations
  • smaller families = reduced rate of transmission (infection)
  • knowledge of cause of illness
  • higher incomes
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17
Q

Life expectancy

A

as death rates have fallen, life expectancy has increased

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18
Q

Class, gender and regional differences

A
  • women generally live longer than men
  • Walker (2011), those living in the poorest area (England) die on average 7 yrs earlier than those in richer areas
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19
Q

Ageing population

A

average age of UK population is rising
- there are fewer young ppl and more old
- older age groups are growing as a proportion of the population whilst younger groups are shrinking

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20
Q

Increasing life expactancy

A

ppl are living longer into old age

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21
Q

Declining infant mortality

A

nowadays hardly anyone dies early in llife

22
Q

Declining fertility

A

fewer young ppl are being born in relation to the no. of old ppl in the population

23
Q

Effects/consequences of ageing population

A

Public services - older ppl consume a larger population of services such as health and social care than other age groups
One person pensioner households - no. of pensioners living alone has increased

24
Q

Ageism, modernity and postmodernity

A

one consequence of the ageing pop. in modern society is the growth of ageism

25
Q

Modern society and old age

A

sociologists argue ageism is the result of ‘structured dependency’ , the old are largely excluded from paid work, laving the economically dependent on their families or state

26
Q

Modern society - Marxist

A

Phillipson (1982) - argues old are of no use to capitalism as they are no longer productive

27
Q

The dependency ratio

A

non working young/old are an economically dependent group who need to be provided for those of working age

28
Q

Postmodern society and old age

A
  • the fixed, orderly stages of the life course have broken down
29
Q

Postmodern society

A

centrality of the media - media images now portray positive aspects of the lifestyles of the elderly
emphasis on surface features - body becomes a surface we can write our identities

30
Q

Inequality among the old

A
  • inequalities such as class and gender remain important
    class - middle class have better occupational pensions and greater saving from higher salaries
    gender - women’s lower earnings and career breaks as carers mean lower pensions
30
Q

Inequality among the old

A
  • inequalities such as class and gender remain important
    class - middle class have better occupational pensions and greater saving from higher salaries
    gender - women’s lower earnings and career breaks as carers mean lower pensions
31
Q

Policy implications

A

Donald Hirsch (2005) - a no. of important social policies will need to change to tackle the new problems posed by an ageing population
- the main problem will be how to finance a longer period of old age

32
Q

Migration

A

immigration - movement into a society
emigration - movement out
net migration - diff between no. of immigrants and no. of emigrants

33
Q

Immigration

A
  • one consequence is a more ethically diverse society
34
Q

Emigration

A

main reasons for emigration have been economic:
push factors - economic recession and unemployment at home
pull factors - such as higher wages or better opportunities abroad

35
Q

The impact of migration on UK population structure

A

there has been an increase in both immigration and emigration, these trends affect the size of the UK population, its age structure and dependency ratio

36
Q

Impact of migration

A

age structure immigration lowers the average age of the population both directly and indirectly

37
Q

Directly

A

immigrants are generally younger, looking for a better future or their parents want them to have a better education/life

38
Q

Indirectly

A

being younger, immigrants are more fertile and thus produce more babies

39
Q

Dependency ratio - immigration

A
  • immigrants are more likely to be of working age and this helps lower the dependency ratio
  • as they are younger, they have more children thereby increasing the ratio
  • the longer a group is settled in the country, the closer their fertility rate comes to the national average, reducing their overall impact on the dependency ratio
40
Q

Globalisation and migration

A

globalisation - the idea that barriers between societies are disappearing, ppl are becoming increasingly interconnected across national boundaries

41
Q

Differentiation

A

there are many types of migrants: permanent settlers, temporary workers, spouses and forced migrants such as refugees and asylum seekers

41
Q

Differentiation

A

there are many types of migrants: permanent settlers, temporary workers, spouses and forced migrants such as refugees and asylum seekers

42
Q

Differentiation (2)

A

super diversity - Steven Vertovec (2007) migrants come from a wider range of countries
citizens - with full citizenship
Denizens - privileged foreign nationals welcomed by the state
Helots - (literally slaves) are the most exploited group, states and employers regard them as ‘disposable units of labour power’

43
Q

The feminisation of migration

A

most migrants used to be men, today almost half of all global migrants are female, this is called the globalisation of the gender division of labour

44
Q

Feminisation of migration

A

1) expansion of service occupations (traditionally employ women) in western countries has led to an increasing demand for female labour
2) western women have joined the labour force and are less willing to perform domestic labour
3) western men remain unwilling to perform domestic labour
4) failure of the state to provide adequate children

45
Q

Feminisation of migration (2)

A

migrant women also enter western countries as ‘mail order’ brides, this often reflects gendered and racialised stereotypes

46
Q

Migrant indentities

A

migrants may develop hybrid identities made up of two or more diff sources

47
Q

Transnational identities

A

globalisation has created more diverse migration patterns, with back and forth movements of ppl thru networks rather than permanent settlement in another country
- migrants are less likely to see themselves as belonging completely to one culture or country

48
Q

Politicisation of migration

A

migration has become an important political issue, states now have policies that seek to control immigration

49
Q

Politicisation of migration

A

Assimilationism - first state approach to immigration, aims to encourage immigrants to adopt the lang, values ad customs of host culture
Multiculturalism - accepts that migrants may wish to retain a separate cultural identity
Shallow diversity - some things from a country is acceptable to the state e.g. chicken tikka masala as Britain national dish
Deep diversity - arranged marriages or the veiling of women is not acceptable to the state

Sociology (7 decks)

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