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Demography Flashcards

1
Q

What is demography?

A

The study of the population

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2
Q

What is birth rate?

A

The number of live births, per 1000 of the population, per year

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3
Q

What is the birth rate trend?

A

Decline in birth rate

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4
Q

What is the total fertility rate?

A

The average number of children women will have in their fertile years

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5
Q

What is the TFR trend?

A

Much lower than in the past

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6
Q

What do the changes in birth rate and total fertility rate reflect?

A
  • more women are remaining childless than in the past

- women are postponing having children

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7
Q

What is the average age for giving birth now?

A

29.6years

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8
Q

What are the reasons for decline in the birth rate?

A
  1. Changes in the position of women
  2. Decline in the infant mortality rate (if infants survive parents will have fewer of them)
  3. Children have become an economic liability
  4. Child centredness
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9
Q

Give examples of major changes in the position of women in the 20th century

A
  • legal equality with men (including right to vote)
  • Increased educational opportunities (girls do better than boys)
  • More women in paid employment
  • Changes to family life and women’s role
  • Easier access to divorce
  • Access to abortion and reliable contraception
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10
Q

How do Changes in the position of women explain decline in birth rate and total fertility rate?

A

Women see other possibilities in life other than traditional role of houswife/mother. Many delay having (or none at all) children in order to pursue a career.

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11
Q

What is infant mortality rate?

A

The number of infants who die before their first birthday, per thousand babies born alive, per year.

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12
Q

How has IMR declined?

A
  • improved housing + better sanitation (clean drinking water, flush toilets)
  • better nutrition
  • better knowledge of hygiene, child health and welfare
  • a fall in the number of married women working
  • improved services for mothers and children (postnatal clinics)
  • mass immunisation
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13
Q

In what ways have children changed from economic assets to economic liabilities?

A
  • Laws : banning child labour, introducing compulsory education and raising school leaving age means children remain economically dependent on their parents for longer
  • Changing norms about what children have a right to expect from their parents in material items mean that cost of bringing up children has risen

As a result of financial pressures, parents now feel less willing/able to have a large family

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14
Q

How has child centredness lead to a decline in birth rate and total fertility rate?

A

Childhood is now socially constructed as a uniquely important period in the individual’s life, encouraging a shift from ‘quantity to quality’ where parents have fewer children and spend more money and resources on the ones they do have.

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15
Q

Why has there been a slight increase in births since 2001?

A
  • Immigration : on average, mothers from outside the UK have a higher fertility rate than those born in the UK
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16
Q

What is affected by changes in fertility?

A

The family
The dependency ratio
Public services and policies

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17
Q

How is the family affected?

A

Smaller families means women are more likely to work which creates the dual earner couple

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18
Q

What is the dependency ratio?

A

The relationship between the size of the working /productive part of the population and the size of the non-working/dependent part of the population

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19
Q

How is the dependency ratio affected?

A

The earnings, savings and taxes of the working population must support the dependency population (mainly made up of children). So, a fall in the number of children reduces the ‘burden of dependency’ on the working population.

However, in the long term, fewer babies being born will mean fewer younger adults and a smaller working population = means the burden of dependency may rise again

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20
Q

How are public services affected?

A

Fewer schools and maternity and child health services will be needed.

Also, has implications for the cost of paternity+maternity leave.

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21
Q

What is death rate?

A

The number of deaths per thousand of the population per year

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22
Q

What is the trend of the deaths?

A

Decline in death rates

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23
Q

Why has there been a decline in death rates?

A

Improved nutrition

Medical improvements (antibiotics, vaccines, NHS)

Public health measures+environmental improvements (housing, purer drinking water etc.)

Other social changes (decline in dangerous manual jobs, smaller rate of transmission due to smaller families, greater public knowledge of the causes of illness, higher income = healthy lifestyle)

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24
Q

What is life expectancy?

A

How long on average a person born in a given year can expect to live.

25
Q

What is the life expectancy trend?

A

It has increased

26
Q

What are the class, gender and regional differences in life expectancy?

A
  • women generally live longer than men
  • those living in the North and Scotland have a lower life expectancy than those in the South
  • working class men in unskilled or routine jobs are nearly 3x as likely to die before they are 65 compared with men in managerial or professional jobs
27
Q

What is the ageing population a result of?

A

Increasing life expectancy
Declining infants mortality
Declining fertility

28
Q

What are the effects of an ageing population?

A

One-person pensioner households (these have increased and tend to be female/live longer)
The dependency ratio
The social construction of ageing as a ‘problem’
Policy implications

29
Q

Describe how the dependency ratio is affected by an ageing population

A

The non-working old are an economically dependent group who need to be provided for by those of the working age.

As the number of retired people rises, this increases the dependency ratio and the burden on the working population.

30
Q

Why has society constructed a negative view of old people?

A

Old age has been socially constructed as a period of dependency by creating a statutory retirement age at which most people are expected or required to stop working and are forced to rely on inadequate benefits that push many into poverty.

31
Q

How does Hirsch argue policies should change to tackle the new problems posed by an ageing population?

A
  • how to finance a longer period of old age = either by paying more from savings and taxes or working for longer
  • redistributing educational resources towards older people so they can improve their skills and continue earning
  • changes in housing policy to encourage older people to ‘trade down’ into smaller houses or retirement homes
32
Q

What is migration?

A

Refers to the movement of people from place to place . It can be internal, within a society, or international.

33
Q

What is immigration?

A

Movement into an area or society

34
Q

What is emigration?

A

Movement out of an area or society

35
Q

What is net migration?

A

The difference between the numbers of immigrating and the numbers emigrating.

36
Q

For most of the 20th century, what caused the UK population to grow?

A

The result of natural increase (more births than deaths)

37
Q

What was the pattern up until the 1980s?

A

Population increased because of immigration

38
Q

From the mid 16th century until the 1980s,the UK has been a net exporter of people. Why do people emigrate?

A

Pull - higher wages, better opportunities abroad

Push - economic recession, unemployment at home

39
Q

What is internal migration?

A

Move around own country (cities)

40
Q

What inequalities among the old does Pilcher describe?

A

Class - MC have better occupational pensions and greater savings. Poor old people have shorter life expectancy and have more difficulty maintaining a youthful self-identity

Gender - Women have lower pensions due to lower earnings and career breaks. They are also subject to sexist as well as ageist stereotyping e.g. old hag

41
Q

What features of postmodern society undermine old age as a stigmatised life stage?

A

The centrality of the media - media portrays positive aspects of elderly life
The emphasis on surface features - anti aging products enable the old to write different identities for themselves

42
Q

What does migration affect?

A

Population size
Age structure
The dependency ratio

43
Q

How is population size affected by migration?

A

Population is growing : net migration is high+there is a natural increase (births exceeding deaths)

44
Q

How is age structure affected by migration?

A

Directly : immigrants are generally younger

Indirectly : being younger, immigrants are more fertile and produce more babies

45
Q

How is the dependency ratio affected by migration?

A
  • Immigrants are more likely to be of working age which lowers the dependency ratio and older migrants return to their origin country to retire
  • Because they are younger, they have more children = increasing the ratio but overtime these children will join the labour force and help to lower the ratio once again
46
Q

What is globalisation?

A

The idea that barriers between societies are disappearing and people are becoming increasingly interconnected across national boundaries

47
Q

Why has globalisation happened?

A

The growth of communication systems and global media
The creation of global markets
The fall of communism in Eastern Europe
The expansion of the European Union

48
Q

Globalisation leads to rapid social change such as increased international migration(the movement of people across borders). Name 3 trends in global migration.

A

Acceleration (there has been a speeding up of the rate of migration)
Differentiation (different types of migrant)
The feminisation of migration

49
Q

Name the different types of migrants identified by Cohen

A

Citizens - with full citizenship rights (e.g. voting rights and access to benefits)
Denizens - privileged foreign nationals welcomed by the state e.g. highly paid employees of multinational companies
Helots - the most exploited group. They are found in unskilled, poorly paid work and include illegally trafficked workers, and those legally tied to particular employees, such as domestic servants

50
Q

What does super diversity mean?

A

Migrants now come from a much wider range of countries. Even within a single ethnic group, individuals differ in terms of their legal status e.g. citizens or spouses.

51
Q

What is meant by the feminisation of migration?

A

The globalisation of the gender division of labour, where female migrants find that they are fitted into patriarchal stereotypes about women’s roles as carers or providers of sexual services.

52
Q

Why is care work, domestic work and sex work in the UK increasingly done by women from poor countries?

A
  1. The expansion of service occupations in western countries has led to an increasing demand for female labour
  2. Western men have joined the labour force and are less willing to or able to perform domestic labour
  3. Western men remain unwilling to perform domestic labour
  4. The failure of the state to provide adequate childcare
53
Q

What might migrants develop?

A

Hybrid identities - made up of 2 or more different sources e.g. Muslim first, then Bengali, then British

54
Q

What is a transnational identity?

A

When migrants are less likely to see themselves as belonging completely to one culture or country. Instead they may develop transnational identities

55
Q

Why is migration a political issue?

A

There has been an increase in migrants - states now have policies that seek to control immigration, absorb migrants into society and deal with increased ethnic and cultural diversity.

56
Q

What is the difference between Assimilationism and Multiculturalism?

A

Assimilationism = the 1st state policy approach to immigration. It aimed to encourage immigrants to adopt the language, values and customs of the host culture to make them ‘like us’

Multiculturalism = accepts that migrants may wish to retain a separate cultural identity. However this acceptance may be limited to more superficial aspects of cultural diversity e.g.
shallow diversity = regarding chicken tikka masala as Britain’s national dish, is acceptable to the state
deep diversity = e.g. arranged marriages or the veiling of women, isn’t acceptable to the state

57
Q

What was the trend from the 1960s?

A

There was a move towards multiculturalism but since the 9/11 Islamist terror attack in 2011, many politicians have demanded that migrants assimilate culturally. E.g. in france the veiling of the face in public was made illegal in 2010.

58
Q

Why might assimilationist policies be counter productive?

A

They mark out minority groups as culturally backward. This can lead to minorities emphasising their differences which increases the host’s suspicion of them and may promote anti-terrorism policies that target them. This breeds further marginalisation, defeating the goal of assimilation.

59
Q

What is a ‘divided working class’?

A

Assimilationist ideas also encourage workers to blame migrants for social problems (e.g. unemployment), resulting in racist scapegoating. This benefits capitalism by creating a racially divided working class and preventing united action in defence of their interests.

Family (15 decks)

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