Demographics and Statistics

Question 1

Dangers to clear thinking

Answer 1

• Hindsight bias
• False consensus

Question 2

Confirmation bias

Answer 2

The tendency to search for data that can confirm our beliefs, as opposed to looking for data that might challenge those beliefs.

Question 3

Observation bias

Answer 3

Making unconscious conclusions in identifying or selecting observations

Question 4

Perceive order in chance

Answer 4

Random events often assign undue significance

Question 5

Fixation

Answer 5

• Inability to see a problem from a different perspective OR
• Locked into one opinion/solution/cause

Question 6

Illusory correlations

Answer 6

Often perceive a connection between 2 variables that doesn´t exist

Question 7

Fooled by “framing”

Answer 7

The way an issue is posed can significantly affect judgments

Question 8

Fundamental attribution bias

Answer 8

The tendency to over-value personality or disposition-based explanations rather than situational explanations for the observed behavior
This does not happen when we evaluate our own behaviors

Question 9

Cause of the bias - Just world phenomenon

Answer 9

The belief that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
Satisfies our need to believe that the world is fair and that we have control over our life

Question 10

Cause of the bias - Salience of the actor

Answer 10

When we observe other people, we identify causes that can be observed – (i.e. The perceived character of others (observed), not their specific situations (unseen)

Question 11

Cause of the bias - Lack of effortful adjustment

Answer 11

We do not equate behavioral and situational information simultaneously; we need to make a deliberate and conscious effort to consider the situational constraints/forces

Question 12

Fertility rate

Answer 12

Fertility rate Fertility rate is the average number of children a woman will have in her lifetime.

Question 13

Replacement level

Answer 13

Replacement level or rate is the number of children every woman would need to have to ensure the population replaces itself. In Canada, it is estimated that a replacement level of 2.1 children per woman is required.

Question 14

Natural increase

Answer 14

Natural increase is the change in population between two points in time, calculated by subtracting the number of deaths from the number of births. The natural increase largely depends on the fertility rate.

Question 15

What is fertility

Answer 15

Actual reproduction

Question 16

What is fecundity

Answer 16

The ability to produce an abundance of offspring or new growth

Question 17

What are fertility rates

Answer 17

Are the actual number of children had by a woman – can be affected by physical and environmental factors as well as social and cultural factors

Question 18

Malthusian theory

Answer 18

The argument that human population grows much faster than food supply, resulting inevitably in widespread famine, disease, and war

Question 19

Malthusian checks

Answer 19

Checks keep a population in line with the food supply. There are positive and negative checks.

Question 20

Positive check factors

Answer 20

• Disease
• Pestilence/Epidemic
• War
• Famine
  Positive checks will bring about misery and vice which also “help” to stabilize the population

Question 21

Negative check factors

Answer 21

• Postponement of Marriage
• Education
• Universal Suffrage
• Consumerism
• Minimum Wage/Unionization rates

Question 22

2 factors that contribute to change in fertility rates

Answer 22

1) physical and environmental factors
2) socio-cultural factors

Question 23

Menarche

Answer 23

An age at which a woman experiences her first menstrual period

Question 24

Immigrant

Answer 24

A person who comes to a new country to live there permanently

Question 25

Emigrant

Answer 25

A person who moves away from a country permanently

Question 26

Migration

Answer 26

Migration is the movement of people from one place to another

Question 27

What are the pull factors

Answer 27

Qualities that attract you to that country
- Freedom
- Jobs
- Education

Question 28

What are the push factors

Answer 28

Reasons for leaving a country
- Loss of job
- War
- Natural disasters