Demographics Flashcards
Statistics of The ageing population
12 million aged 65+
5.4 million aged 75+
1.6 million aged 85+
579,776 aged 95+
14,430 centenarians
More older people that are living longer- Don’t make money, burden on NHS, grumpy.
Single elderly
Unmarried people have poor health and higher mortality risks.
Less nutrition, don’t shower, don’t heat home, depression
40.1% Live alone
76.5% of women over 85 are widowed.
The dependency ratio
The number of children and elderly to the number of working population.
Impact:
Pension age increase to 67
Taxes highest level ever
Increased spending on the elderly.
Triple lock-The state pension goes up each year by 2.5%, inflation, or earnings growth, whichever is the highest figure.
Elderly in NHS
More health issues of greater issue, complexity of elderly patients (mobility, poor immune system, dementia, diabetes, high blood pressure)
Elderly can’t be discharged without someone to care for them (bed-blocking)
85+ cost £7,000
Avg £2,000
Men are expensive as they don’t go to the doctor.
China’s One-Child Policy
A population control measure implemented by the Chinese government in 1979, limiting most families to having only one child, aiming to curb rapid population growth and alleviate social, economic, and environmental issues, enforced through incentives for families that complied, penalties for those with more than one child, and access to family planning services.
The one-child policy officially ended in 2015, allowing families to have two children. Later, in 2021, the restrictions were further relaxed to permit three children per family.
China’s One-child Policy Impacts
Unbalanced sex ratio, increased crime, individual dissatisfaction with the government, gender imbalances, an aging population, and human rights violations.
Migration
Immigration- Refers to a movement into a society.
Emmigration-Refers to a movement out of a society.
Net migration- Refers to the difference between the movement in a society and the movement out of a society.
Migration stats
The 2021 Census shows the total population of England and Wales is 59.6 million and 81.7% of them are white. Asian ethnic groups took up 9.3%, black 4%, mixed 2.9%, and other 2.1%.
From 2011 to 2021, the percentage of white British people decreased from 80.5% to 74.4%.
Hybrid identity
Two or more different sources. John Eade (1994) found that second-generation Bangladeshi Muslims in Britain had hierarchical identities: they saw themselves as Muslims first, then Bengali, then British. They may find that others challenge their identity claims as they don’t look British, but adopt the British persona meaning they aren’t Bangladeshi in family eyes.
Transactional identity
Thomas Hylland Erikson (2007) says that globalisation has created more diverse migration patterns, with back-and-forth movements of people through networks rather than permanent settlements in another country. Migrants are less likely to see themselves as belonging to one culture or country.
Birth rate
The number of individuals born into a population in a given amount of time. (Currently 11 births per thousand of the population)
Fertility rate
The average number of babies a woman will have in her childbearing years (15-50). Currency 1.57
Infant mortality rate
The number of children who die before they reach their first birthday per 1,000 of the population. Currently 3.7
Reasons the for fall in the birth rate
Changing roles of women
Low infant mortality rate
Children are an economic burden
