Demographic changes Flashcards
What is the birth rate
The number of live births per 1,000 of the population per year
What is the total fertility rate (TRF)
The number of children born to the average woman over her life
What is demography
The study of the age, size and sex of the population
What is the fertility rate
The number of live births per 1,000 of 15-44-year-olds over 1 year
What has happened to UK birth rates
They have been declining for some time
What has happened to UK fertility rates
They have generally declined but recovered slightly in recent years
What did Hicks and Allen say (1999)
in 1900, the TRF was equivalent to a completed family of 3.5 children whereas in 2012 it was equivalent to 1.64 which led to families being significantly smaller than the past
What are the reasons for the decline in the birth rate and fertility rate
- During the twentieth century, childhood became commercialised
- Feminisation of the economy and workforce in the 1970s
- Availability of contaception easily and cheaply
Trends and studies on the decline of birth rates
- The average age of married women giving birth has increased slightly since 1971
- Fertility rates for women between 35 and 39 have doubled in the last 40 years while for those under 3o has declined. Children born to women over 40 has more than doubled in the last 30 years.
- One in 5 women aged 40, many of them graduates, have chosen to not have children compared to one in ten in 1980 (The Family Policies Study centre 2000)
When did we see a fall in UK death rate
1983-2013
What are 4 reasons for reduced death rate
- Life expectancy increase due to
- Improved nutrition
- Better living standards and housing improvements
- The welfare state and the provision of pensions
- The NHS, mass vaccinations and advances in drug technology and surgery
