Democracy Education Philosophers Flashcards
Comp Structure
Comp Structure
1) Strong Thesis
- directly answer question
- outline the main points
- MAX 2 sentences (prefer 1)
2) historical/philosophical content in introduction/1st paragraph
3) Next logical proceed to the points of your arguments-clear accurate details
4) Conclude, summarize the main points and remind the reader of your position on the question. “Copy Thesis”
NOTES:
Don’t surprise the reader, no more than three philosophers,
Socrates and Education
Socrates and Education
TIME: 4-5 Century BC, generally accepted by Philosophers as the “Late Period”
1) Socrates was a natural philosopher. However, the dialogue “Apology” has given some scholars the belief that Socrates was a natural philosopher and a Sophist.
2) Sophists put into motion the philosophical work of Socrates
3) Sophists were regarded as the first teachers
4) Sophists believed the truth was important. However, the truth was not essential. The key element in education was the ability of young men to persuasively argue
5) Sophists believed that “reason” generated many different conclusions, that reason was unreliable. Sophists believe that if “reason” was a reliable tool it would always yield the same result.
St. Thomas Aquinas
St. Thomas Aquinas
TIME: Mid 13th Century
1) Two kinds of knowledge of God, through:
- Natural reasoning / limited human ability. (Even scholars are inadequate to God’s knowledge.)
- God’s knowledge (Christian truth or faith).
2) Division of what is truth:
- Divine truth (only God is supreme)
- Human reasoning is limited.
3) Only God has absolute knowledge of the “truth.” Humans deep down or innately know “truth,” but not on the level of God’s knowledge.
4) Humans are born with minds that are blank slates, or “Tabula Rasa,” only to be filled by families. teachers, experiences and society. This is a modern educational theory, also attributed to John Locke in the 17th Century.
5) Thomas Aquinas tied together religion and education for the first time.
6) Aquinas’ theories allowed for the education of the common man. Prior, only the wealthy and royalty received any formal education. His ideas on learning and truth applied to all persons, thereby opening the doors of education to the common man.
7) Philosophy of Aquinas: “Whatever is put into the [student’s] mind by the teacher is contained [from the limited] knowledge of the teacher.” Sets the stage for a multiple of teachers.
Francis Bacon
Francis Bacon
TIME: Late 16th early 17th century.
1) Bacon believed that truth does not come from the mind of only one individual and is set for eternity. Each mind should examine for truth. (Could support experiential learning).
2) “Knowledge is power”
3) Broke Aristotle hold on the field of natural philosophy (science).
Rene Descartes
Rene Descartes
TIME: Late 16th early 17th Century
1) Descartes proclaimed the mind’s autonomy and importance, and its ability and right to comprehend truth.
2) Descartes in the Discourse of Method states “I noticed how many different opinions learned men may hold on the same subject, despite the fact that no more than one of them can ever be right.”
3) Offered a method whereby one could achieve certainty and thereby produce a
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
TIME: 18th Century
1) Individual and Society
2) Challenge is creating a human society that emulates the natural restraints primitive human beings experienced in nature. Society = “general will”
3) Nature key to the educational process. A young child only knows the physical world, but then learns to abide by law of necessity.
4) Emile, restraints are natural and inevitable, one this lesson is learned only then can the student develope an appreciation for the moral, political, and social world he inhabits.
Catherine Macaulay
Catherine Macaulay
TIME: 18th Century
1) Virtue-understanding and acting on moral principles discernible by reason.
2) Premier virtue “benevolence” disposition to do good so as to promote happiness in others (no hunting for sport, or robbing young birds from the nest of a mother bird).
3) Macaulay believed that there was a single human essence (not male or female)
4) The goal of education to yield an educated person to attain character, morals, and knowledge.
5) Educating the individual to form their own opinions and in making decisions in the kind of person they want to be and the kind of life they want to lead.
John Locke
John Locke
TIME: 17th Centruy
- Hierarchy of educational values puts virtue at the top of the 4-tiered process
- Foundation of virtue is a true notion of God and a love and reverence for this supreme being (love and respect for everyone).
- Virtue- Locke believed that a virtuous person could survive as an individual and in society without a standardized curriculum as long as they possessed the knowledge and skills to be virtuous
- Wisdom- is the ability to manage one’s business ably and with foresight.
- Breading- breeding is not to think poorly of yourself or of others. Good breeding basically boils down to good manners; a well-bred man is a man who always behaves in a way that leaves everyone around him feeling entirely comfortable
- Learning- can be useful when coupled with virtue and wisdom, but it can also be harmful when coupled with vice and folly. Learning, he says, should always be secondary to the “greater qualities” (that is, virtue, wisdom, and good breeding).
Horace Mann
Horace Mann
TIME: 19th Century
1) Horace Mann, known as the Father of the Common School, and a pioneer in public, tax-supported education as well as the establishment of “normal schools” for teacher training (which would form the backbone of America’s state universities in the 19th century)
2) Believed that political stability and social harmony depended on education
3) Believe that education would bring people out of poverty.
4) Knowledge is a form of justice required in a true democracy.
John Dewey
John Dewey
TIME: Late 19th early 20th Century
- The father progressive movement is experiential learning, critical thinking and problem-solving.
- Dewey and Democracy education is designed to ensure that democracy can work by requiring informed, knowledgeable and wise citizens
- Committed to social justice and democratic principles
- Struggled to find ways to construct “the great community” and to make the world “safe for democracy”
-
Democratic Ideal
- numerous and more varied points of shared common interest, but greater reliance upon the recognition of mutual interests as a factor in social control.
- freer interaction between social groups, change in the social habit–its continuous readjustment through meeting the new situations produced by varied intercourse.
- Dewey foreshadows Social Reconstructionism, whereby schools are a means to reconstruct society.
Nel Noddings
Nel Noddings
TIME: late 20th early 21st century
1) Caring and courage are required to initiate change in schools
2) Incorporating themes of caring into tradition subjects.
3) An education grounded in caring is incompatible with the idea that there is one curriculum for all.
4) Caring is the essential bedrock of all successful education
5) Liberal education according to Noddings is “outmoded and dangerous” model. The is used to control and force the student to study a narrowly prescribed curriculum devoid of content they might really care about.
6) “Despite being aware of the overwhelming needs many students face, we force all children—regardless of interest or aptitude—into academic courses and then fight an uphill battle to motivate them to do things they do not want to do.
Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson
TIME: 18th Century
1) Education is the ultimate safeguard of liberty.
2) Education is essential to the preservation of freedom.
3) Education is critical to the common good.
4) Awareness of history enables citizens to recognize tyranny in all its forms.
5) Bill more General Diffusion of Knowledge, called for the establishment of state/colony schools offering 3 years of schooling free to every child.
6) Diffusion Bill also called for the creation and size of school districts for teaching, reading, writing, and mathematics.
Reversed Prompt
1) Strong Thesis
- directly answer question
- outline the main points
- MAX 2 sentences (prefer 1)
2) historical/philosophical content in introduction/1st paragraph
3) Next logical proceed to the points of your arguments-clear accurate details
4) Conclude, summarize the main points and remind the reader of your position on the question. “Copy Thesis”
NOTES:
Don’t surprise the reader, no more than three philosophers,
Comp Structure
Reversed Prompt
TIME: 4-5 Century BC, generally accepted by Philosophers as the “Late Period”
1) Socrates was a natural philosopher. However, the dialogue “Apology” has given some scholars the belief that Socrates was a natural philosopher and a Sophist.
2) Sophists put into motion the philosophical work of Socrates
3) Sophists were regarded as the first teachers
4) Sophists believed the truth was important. However, the truth was not essential. The key element in education was the ability of young men to persuasively argue
5) Sophists believed that “reason” generated many different conclusions, that reason was unreliable. Sophists believe that if “reason” was a reliable tool it would always yield the same result.
Socrates and Education
Reversed Prompt
TIME: Mid 13th Century
1) Two kinds of knowledge of God, through:
- Natural reasoning / limited human ability. (Even scholars are inadequate to God’s knowledge.)
- God’s knowledge (Christian truth or faith).
2) Division of what is truth:
- Divine truth (only God is supreme)
- Human reasoning is limited.
3) Only God has absolute knowledge of the “truth.” Humans deep down or innately know “truth,” but not on the level of God’s knowledge.
4) Humans are born with minds that are blank slates, or “Tabula Rasa,” only to be filled by families. teachers, experiences and society. This is a modern educational theory, also attributed to John Locke in the 17th Century.
5) Thomas Aquinas tied together religion and education for the first time.
6) Aquinas’ theories allowed for the education of the common man. Prior, only the wealthy and royalty received any formal education. His ideas on learning and truth applied to all persons, thereby opening the doors of education to the common man.
7) Philosophy of Aquinas: “Whatever is put into the [student’s] mind by the teacher is contained [from the limited] knowledge of the teacher.” Sets the stage for a multiple of teachers.
St. Thomas Aquinas
