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Politics Paper 1 > Democracy And Participation > Flashcards

Democracy And Participation Flashcards

1
Q

Where was direct democracy first conceived ?

A

Ancient Greece Athens

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2
Q

What was the idea of direct democracy in Ancient Greece ?

A
  • every tax paying citizen would have one equal value to all others
  • all citizens would make important decisions ,**directly , fairly and equally **
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3
Q

Example of direct democracy used in Ancient Greece ?

A

Whether state should go to war or whether a citizen should be exiled if they commit anti-state acts

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4
Q

What form has direct democracy returned ?

A

Form of referendum , common in USA and Europe

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5
Q

Direct democracy

What is a referendum?

A

An majortian form of democracy in which public vote on a single issue

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6
Q

In direct democracy, in a referendum when does someone win ?

A

The side which gains over 50% of vote wins outright

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7
Q

When were direct democracy , referendums used ?

A

Scottish independence referendum (2014)

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8
Q

What is direct democracy ?

A

All individuals express their opinions themselves and not representative acting on their behalf

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9
Q

What was the Scottish independence referendum (2014) about ?

A

Scotland voted to remain part of the UK

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10
Q

What percentage was against proposal to become independent in Scotland independence referendum (2014) ?

A

55% voting against proposal for Scotland to become independent

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11
Q

What percentage was in favour of the Scottish independence referendum (2014) ?

A

45%

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12
Q

What is another example of a referendum?

A

UK membership of EU referendum (2016)

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13
Q

What percentage voted to leave the EU in the uk membership of EU referendum 2016?

A

51% voted to LEAVE the EU

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14
Q

What percentage voted to remain in the EU in the UK membership of EU referendum 2016?

A

48% voted to remain

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15
Q

Why are referendum used ?

A

To allow public to determine government policy on vital issues

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16
Q

How can referendums be critised ?

A

By giving influence directly to the people , referendums challenge the core principle of representative democracy

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17
Q

What is another example of direct democracy ?

A

Electronic petitions

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18
Q

What does it mean if a petition on the governments website reaches 100,000 signatures?

A

It will be considered for debate in the House of Commons

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19
Q

Why are electronic petitions uses ,

A

To engage with a number of issues that the public feel strongly about

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20
Q

Example of a petition ?

A

If Meningitis B vaccinations should be made available to all children , petition ran for 6 months

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21
Q

What is the most common democracy today ?

A

Representative

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22
Q

What is representative democracy ?

A
  • choose representative to make decisions on their behalf
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23
Q

How are representative democracy representative chosen ?

A

Through formal election competitive process and those elected must have accountability

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24
Q

Who are the representatives?

A

MPs

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25
Q

What is do individual representatives hold ?

A

Accountable while their represent their constituents

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26
Q

What is constituents ?

A

Ordinary voters who elect a particular representative based on the residence in particular area

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27
Q

How are individuals held accountable?

A

Investigations , media , scutinry and individuals representatives asking questions on their behalf of their constituents

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28
Q

How many members does Westminster have and who are their responsible ?

A

650 members and responsible for constituents

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29
Q

What is an advantage of direct democracy ?

A

Equal value to all votes unlike representatives system where the varying size of constituencies mean they do not have equal vote
E.g 1 constituent may have 2,000 people that vote another will have 50,000 people vote so 2,000 has more weight

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30
Q

What is a disadvantage of direct democracy?

A

People may not feel qualified to take part in decision making so politicial activist will decide what will happen
- links to Anachism where activist sway people into voting what they believe
- people can manipulate by the cleverest and persuade people

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31
Q

What is an advantage of representative democracy?

A

More rapid response , practical system in large modern state

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32
Q

Give an example of a rapid response of representatives democracy ?

A

Covid pandemic measures to put us in Lockdown if it was a referendum would take more time and cause more deaths due to slower response

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33
Q

Representative democracy advantage

What does pressure groups encourage ?

A

Encourages debates and pluralist democracy

34
Q

Example of pressure groups?

A
  • Climax activists , disruption of uk road
  • stop oil reducing minority rights
35
Q

What is a disadvantage of representative democracy?

A

May lead to reduced participation and leave it to responsibility of politicians

36
Q

Who are pressure groups and parties represented by ?

A

Run by elites pursuing own agendas and not representing the people

37
Q

Another disadvantage of representative democracy?

A

Politicians are skillful in avoiding accountability especially elections

38
Q

Example of how politicians avoid accountability?

A

Boris Johnson avoiding responsibility through party gate and controversy with party whip leading to his resignation

39
Q

Third disadvantage of representative democracy?

A

Politicians may be corrupt and betray election promises

40
Q

Example of politicians being corrupt ?

A

Conservatives said they will not raise tax but raised it due to covid

41
Q

Case for reform : crisis participation

What was the vote turnout for registered voters in 2019 election?

A

Vote turnout was only 67% of registered voters in 2019 general election

42
Q

Between 1945-1997 what was the average for registered voters ?

A

76%

43
Q

Case for Reform: crisis of participation

what is Percentage of party membership ?

A

1.6% of the most electorate down 3.8%
So votes are less representative of the country

44
Q

How can crisis participation be fixed ?

A
  • making voting compulsory
  • postal voting / e- voting
  • allow voting to take place for several days
45
Q

Why voting should be mandatory ?

A

Parliament will be more representative of population as a whole

46
Q

Why voting shouldn’t be mandatory ?

A
  • Forces people to take part
  • does not adress reason people do not vote in the first place
47
Q

Who cannot vote ?

A
  • Prisoners
  • people under age of 18
  • members of the HOL
48
Q

Example of e-petition in the uk ?

A

2020 , offer more support to the art particularly theatres and music admist covid pandemic

49
Q

How many signatures did the e-petition for support to art get ?

A

174,654

50
Q

Outcome of e petition to offer support to art ?

A

Debated in parliament in June 2020 so government announced more funding to protect art

51
Q

What is suffrage ?

A

The right or ability to vote in public elections

52
Q

Who can vote ?

A
  • Adults over 18
  • common wealth citizens and uk nationals who have lived abroad less than 15 years
53
Q

What is an insider pressure group ?

A

Previleged access to government decision making

54
Q

What is an example of Insider pressure group ?

A

British Medical Association (BMA) represents doctors so gain special information government will wish to consult

55
Q

Examples of movement that put pressure on government ?

A
  • Think-tanks
  • coropations
  • lobbying firms
  • religious groups
  • professional bodies
56
Q

What is an outsider pressure group ?

A
  • does not access political decision making
  • gains attention of government by winning public support
57
Q

What is an example of an outsider group ?

A
  • the Gurkha Justice campaign was an outsider group that achieved residency right for Gurkha who served in British military because of high profile campaign
58
Q

What is sectional/interest ?

A

Represents interest of particular groups within society

59
Q

Example of sectional/unrest pressure groups ?

A
  • Age UK
  • BMA
  • Muslim council of Britain
60
Q

What does cause/proportional pressure group do ?

A

Promotes a particular issue

61
Q

Example of cause/promotional pressure group ?

A
  • greenpeace : members are united in shared interest in protecting environment
  • PETA
  • Liberty
62
Q

What is pressure group ?

A

Influence policy making without seeking power

63
Q

Example of another pressure group ?

A

When trade union movement helped to form the Labour Party in early 20th century when UKIP began

64
Q

What are the functions of pressure groups?

A
  • educate public on issues
  • represent and promote the interest of certain sections of community who feel that they’re not fully represented by Parliament
    **- call government to account **
65
Q

What is status of insider and outsider pressure group based on ?

A

Based on whether they have a direct contact with parliament or not

66
Q

What do insider pressure groups rely on ?

A

Rely on contacts with ministers and civil servants to achieve their aims

67
Q

Explaination of outsider pressure groups ?

A

Not consulted by government or not political e.g just oil

68
Q

Case study

When did MPs vote against extending free school meals ?

A

October 2020, MPs voted against extending free school meals scheme throughout holiday until Easter 2021

69
Q

Case study

What did Marcus Rashford (leadership) campaign for ?

A

Mergers to extend the scheme that received more than a ** million** supporters online petition

70
Q

What method of did Marcus Rashford use to gain public support ?

A

Online petition (public support )

71
Q

Case study
What was the next step for Marcus rashford campaign ?

A

Prime minister phoned on 7th Nov Marcus to tell him that £396 million to provide free school meals

72
Q

Case study
When did the prime minister phone Marcus ?

A

7th November

73
Q

Case study

How much was provided for the free school meal ?

A

£396 million was provided

74
Q

Case study

How long was the free school meal provided for ?

A

Christmas, Easter and summer holiday

75
Q

Case study

What is just oil Group?

A

Coalition

76
Q

Case study

What are just oil working together to Ensure ?

A

Working together to ensure government commits to ending all new lisense, development and production of fossil fuels

77
Q

Case study

How do just oil grab attention ?

A

Public media attention by throwing soup over Van Gogh’s sunflower painting and protest in premier league matches

78
Q

Case study

How does just oil fail impacts ?

A

Public outrage so fails impact due to disruptions

79
Q

What gets put forward to the Hoc

A

If a petition has 10,000 signatures

80
Q

How many signatures does a petition need?

A

10,000

Politics Paper 1 (2 decks)

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