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POLITICS PAPER 1 > Democracy and Participation > Flashcards

Democracy and Participation Flashcards

1
Q

Ways in which direct democracy can be used in a representative system (4)

A

-National referendums
-2015 Recall of the MP Act
-E-Petitions
-Citizen juries

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2
Q

EU Referendum turnout and result

A

72% turn out
52% voted to leave

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3
Q

Example of control of the media by wealthy, unaccountable business interests:

A

Murdoch Group owns The Times, The Sunday Times and The Sun simultaneously.

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4
Q

Voter turnout 2019

A

67.3%

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5
Q

Voter turnout 2017

A

68.8%

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6
Q

Voter Turnout local council election 2022

A

33.6%

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7
Q

Party membership 2022

A

1.5% of the electorate are members of a political party

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8
Q

Labour Party membership 2022 v 2016

A

2022: 450,000
2016: 515,000

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9
Q

Rise in the membership of minor parties

A

SNP membership 2013: 25,000
2022: 103,000

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10
Q

16/17 year olds allowed to vote

A

2014 Scottish referendum

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11
Q

Voter turnout falling:

A

1979: 76%
2001: 59%

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12
Q

E-petitions as a form of direct democracy

A
  • The UK’s Parliament’s Petitions Committee considers all petitions that receive 100,000 signatures but there is no automatic parliamentary debate.
  • The petitions committee has a right to accept it or not
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13
Q

E-petitions getting ignored

A

2019- petition requesting the revocation of Article 50 and for the UK to remain in the EU. Received 6.1 million signatures.
-Parliament did not debate

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14
Q

Citizen juries and Assemblies as a form of direct democracy

A

Collection of individuals that discuss an issue and make recommendations to the government based on deliberations.

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15
Q

Example of a Citizen jury

A

2009- Action for Children, citizen jury to investigate how the government can increase the wellbeing of children in the UK

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16
Q

Recalls as a form of direct democracy:

A

The Recall of MPs Act (2015)- provision for constituents to be able to recall their MP and call a by-election.

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17
Q

Example of recalls being used

A

2019- Christopher Davies was recalled by his constituents
BUT rare, has only happened on 3 occassions

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18
Q

Example of sectional groups (interest groups)

A

-Law Society,
-National Union of Teachers,
-National Farmers Union,
-British Medical Association
-National Education Union (strikes)

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19
Q

Example of cause groups (promotional groups)

A

Greenpeace, Extinction Rebellion, Amnesty International

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20
Q

Pressure groups being helpful to democracy

A

Green Peace is a pressure group that is able to investigate and research climate issues

21
Q

Pressure groups influencing government policy farmers

A

National Farmers Union is able to provide specialist knowledge about agriculture. E.g The Agriculture Bill 2020

22
Q

Pressure groups disruptive behaviour

A

Just Stop Oil blocked access to the M4 in 2022

23
Q

Example of pressure group protecting rights through an act

A

Stonewall - successful in lobbying for
The Equality Act (Sexual Orientation) Regulation 2007 which outlawed discrimination based on sexual orientation

24
Q

Example of pressure group protecting collective human rights

A

Liberty launched the “Save our Human Rights Act” campaign in 2015. Opposed the Conservative’s plan to repeal the Act

25
Q

Example of low profile insider groups

A

Howard League of Penal Reform

26
Q

Example of high profile insider groups

A

Confederation of British Industry (supplement their lobbying with the use of media)

27
Q

Example of Outsider groups

A

‘Occupy’ movement had sit-ins in 2011. Don’t want to work with the government, as they see the government. As closely aligned with the capitalist movement their protesting

28
Q

Example of a think tanks + influence on govt

A

Institute for Public Policy Research
- 2020- proposed emergency support for ‘children of the pandemic’- led to DofE announcing support for disadvantaged school children

29
Q

Lobbying spending limits

A

Lobbying Act 2014- placed spending limits of £20,000 in England

30
Q

Example of a think tank directly influencing manifesto:

A

Bow Group (Tory think tank) influenced both 2015 and 2017 manifestoes

31
Q

Example of a neutral think tank

A

Adam Smith Institute, works with the incumbent government on economics affairs regardless of political affiliation

32
Q

Historic example of think tank influence:

A

Fabian Society influenced Blair’s ‘New Labour’ reforms

33
Q

Pressure groups that represent minority interests:

A

Muslim Council of Britain- campaigned heavily against islamophobic legislation after 7/7 bombing

34
Q

Examples of Lobbying scandals (2)

A

2021- Owen Patterson
2021- David Cameron (used private passages to lobby ministers regarding Greensill)

35
Q

How the government safeguards rights (3)

A

Judicial review, Human Rights Act (1998) and Equality Act (2010)

36
Q

Use of judicial review

A

increased with there being 1100 in 1982 and over 3,000 cases in 2015

37
Q

People using the Human Rights Act to evade deportation:

A

Abu Qatada- a radical extremist was able to fight off deportation for 8 years, using the HRA
BUT
Only 10-15% of criminals fight deportation using the HRA

38
Q

Legislation that restricted certain individual rights in favour of collective rights (2)

A

Prevention of Terrorism Act (2005)
Coronavirus Act (2020)

39
Q

Example of successful Lobbying

A

2001- Stonewall successfully lobbied for the Sexual Offences (Amendment), which reduced the age of consent for homosexuals to 16, the same as heterosexuals

40
Q

Example of lobbyist influence in referendum

A

the Lobby group Leave.EU was hugely influential in the outcome of the Brexit referendum

41
Q

Direct Democracy- Citizens’ Assemblies 2020

A

2020- Climate change (concluded with steps to make Britain net zero by 2050)

42
Q

How the government safeguards rights:

A

Judicial review, Human Rights Act (1998) and Equality Act (2010)

43
Q

Use of judicial review

A

increased with there being 1100 in 1982 and over 3,000 cases in 2015, 3400 in 2019

44
Q

People using the Human Rights Act to evade deportation

A

Abu Qatada- a radical extremist was able to fight off deportation for 8 years, using the HRA
BUT
Only 10-15% of criminals fight deportation using the HRA

45
Q

Legislation that restricted certain individual rights in favour of collective rights:

A

Prevention of Terrorism Act (2005)
Coronavirus Act (2020)

46
Q

Example of BMA influencing policy (2)

A
  • The BMA contributed to the ban on smoking in enclosed spaces in 2007
  • Ban on smoking in cars carrying children in 2015
47
Q

Lobbyists being ignored

A

‘Best for Britain’ aimed to persuade MPs to have a 2nd Brexit referendum but FAILED

48
Q

Corporation donation example

A

£250,000 by Flowidea Ltd to Conservative Party

49
Q

Revolving Door example (2)

A
  • After leaving parliament, Nick Clegg became Facebook’s head of global affairs
  • Cameron became a major shareholder in Greensill, tried to secure valuable government contacts

POLITICS PAPER 1 (4 decks)

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