Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Life Orientation > Democracy and human rights > Flashcards

Democracy and human rights Flashcards

1
Q

what is public participation?

A

Public participation, also known as citizen participation or patient and public involvement, is the inclusion of the public in the activities of any organization or project. Public participation is similar to but more inclusive than stakeholder engagement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does public participation involve

A

people in thinking, deciding, planning, and playing an active part in developing and operating services that affect their lives.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

You participate publicly when you

A 
stand for elections
vote in elections
hold and attend community meetings 
pay taxes
join civil and political organizations 
protest and petition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

why is public participation important

A
  • it makes sure that leaders do not abuse their powers
  • it ensures that the public’s needs, concerns, and views are taken into account when decisions are being made
  • helps inform the government about what citizens want and need in their country
  • helps that things get done
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a petition

A

a written document that people sign to show that they want a person or organization to do or change something

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is a procedure

A

a series of actions that are done in a certain way or order.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is one way in which the public can exercise its right to participate in government?

A

by submitting a petition to parliament or the provincial or local government

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is governance?

A

the way that a country, city, company is controlled by the people who run it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does the constitution say about running a country?

A

a country must be run on a system of co-operative governance. This means that various levels of government must work together. Citizens are also allowed to have a say in policy-making and service delivery.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is good governance?

A

– allows people to participate and keeps them informed

–is transparent ,providing information that is clear and complete.

–delivers basic human rights, including the right to health, adequate housing, sufficient food, quality education, social justice and personal security.

–is efficient and effective

–produces results in a reasonable time frame

–protects the environment

–takes responsibility for its actions and decisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

discuss the law making process

A

the law making process in a democracy should follow clear procedure. The public should have the opportunity to comment on new laws before they are are passed and approved .The laws have to be passed by different levels of government.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is transparency?

A

open,not hiding anything ,clear and easy to understand.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the rule of law?

A

all citizens of a country have to follow its laws, no matter how powerful the people are ;the government must run the country according to laws and the constitution.

-it protects human rights, and is very important in our lives.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is being accountable

A

being held responsible; explaining actions or decisions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

State the 5 principles define the rule of law:

A

=a government that is accountable

=an absence of corruption

=security and order, and fundamental rights

=an open government that enforces laws and regulations.

=access to justice.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

elaborate on a government that is accountable .

A

=the powers of government are limited by the law. The government cannot do what what it likes.

= The law and the courts are independent of the government.

=A free and independent press can report on the actions of the government.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

elaborate on an absence of corruption

A

=There s no bribery

=There is no stealing of public funds or other resources.

=Government officials, the police and the military are not corrupt.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

elaborate on security and order, and fundamental rights

A

=crime is controlled.

=there is no civil conflict or terrorism.

=Violence is not used to settle personal arguments.

=The laws protect basic human rights.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

elaborate on an open government that enforces laws and regulations.

A

=people know about the laws and understand them, and the laws don’t change all the time.

=The legal process is fair, accessible and efficient, and it applies to everyone.

=People have the right to be involved in the process of making and administering the laws.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

elaborate on access to justice.

A

=people can fix problems peacefully, without being violent or taking the law into their own hands.

=The rights of victims and suspects are protected.

=People have access to civil justice.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

discuss transparency

A

this means that the government must be open to the public and try to hide its actions. The government must provide the public with information that is correct, understandable and easy to obtain. The press and the public must have access to government meetings. Anyone should be able to review budgets and financial statements. Laws, rules and decisions must be open for discussion. The authorities will have less opportunity to abuse the system if there is transparency. The public must see what decisions are being made, and if and how these decisions are carried out.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

why is transparency necessary?

A

=the public can check up on what people in authority are doing.

= there are no hidden interests and agendas, which means that people have plans that they keep secret.

=people can get the information they need to participate in the democratic process.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is representation?

A

a person or group that speaks or acts for or in support of another person or group.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

discuss on representation:

A

elections allow you to choose people to whom you would like to speak or act for you. These elected people represent you. You can participate in voting to make sure the people in authority represent your interests.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

discuss the 2 types of representation

A

=Proportional representation: Parties get a number of seats in parliament according to the percentage of votes they get in an election.

=Constituency-based representation: The country is divided up into voting areas called constituencies. Each political party chooses one person or candidate to represent the party in each constituency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Accountability means that those in power or authority must:

A

=take responsibility for their actions ,performance and decisions

=explain and give reasons why they have done or not done certain things

=provide proof of how they have spent or got money.

= keep their promises.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Explain how accountability and transparency go together:

A

Citizens have a right to know how the government is spending their tax money. The government is accountable to the citizens because it is using their money, and the people voted for the government to represent them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is legislature:

A

a group of people with the power to make or change laws.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

South African democratic structures: National government (description)

A

parliament:

= cabinet: president, the deputy president and various ministers

=national assembly

= national council of provinces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

South African democratic structures: Provincial government. (description)

A

=legislature, led by the speaker.

=provincial government, led by the premier and members of the executive council(MECs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

South African democratic structures: Local government (description)

A

=metropolitan Councils(metros) ,Ekuruleni, City of Johannesburg, City of Tshwane, Nelson Mandela Bay, eThekwini, City of Cape town, Buffalo City and Mongaung.

=District councils, made up of 4-6 local municipalities

=Local Councils/Local Municipalities, divided into wards with ward committees.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

South African democratic structures: political party (description)

A

for example: ANC;DA;COPE(congress of the people); IFP(Inkatha freedom party);ID(independent democrats)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

South African democratic structures: traditional authorities (description)

A

=traditional leaders

= traditional councils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

South African democratic structures: traditional authorities (principles and functions)

A

=help to involve the traditional community with local government in developing integrated development plan

=support municipalities in identifying community needs

=make recommendations about service delivery

=participate in municipal, provincial and national development programs.

Promote indigenous knowledge systems

=administer traditional community affairs according to custom and tradition.

=assist, support and guide traditional leaders in performing their functions.

=participate in the development of local policy and legislation.

=warn the municipality about any danger that threatens people living in a particular traditional council area.

=perform their duties and use their powers according to customary law in a way that is consistent with the constitution.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

South African democratic structures traditional authorities (processes for participation )

A

=attend meetings

= make sure the councils follow the law and don’t discriminate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

South African democratic structures: National government (principles and functions)

A

=make and carry out laws and policies for the whole country.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

South African democratic structures: National government (processes for participation)

A

=comment on the law-making process

=petition

=vote

=stand for election

=lobby government about a specific issues through letters, petitions ,meetings or phone calls.

38
Q

South African democratic structures: Provincial government. (principles and functions)

A

=make and carry out laws and policies that affect the province only.

39
Q

South African democratic structures: Provincial government. (processes for participation)

A

=comment on the law-making process

=petition

=vote

=stand for election

=lobby government about a specific issues through letters, petitions ,meetings or phone calls.

40
Q

South African democratic structures: Local government (principles and functions)

A

=make and carry out by-laws

=provide a democratic and accountable government for local communities.

= Make sure there are sustainable services to communities(water, electricity ,sanitation ,refuse ,removal ,roads)

=Make sure there is social and economic development

=Make sure there is a safe and healthy environment

=Encourage communities and community organizations to be involved in Local Government.

=Plan and budget.

41
Q

South African democratic structures: Local government (processes for participation)

A

=Attend the Council meeting when the budget is debated and voted on.

=Serve on a ward committee.

=attend public meetings and hearings

=Have the Local Council appoint a committee of community representatives to monitor processes and to advise the municipality about the community needs for services.

=Be informed about of decisions of the municipal council

=attend izimbizo (large-scale community meetings)

=work as a volunteer at a service delivery organization or government institution..

42
Q

define legislature:

A

a group of people with the power o make or change laws.

43
Q

South African democratic structures: political party (principles and functions)

A

=represent voters

=represent particular interests

=educate and instruct the public on issues

44
Q

South African democratic structures: political party (processes for participation)

A

=vote

=join a political organization

= stand in an election

=take part in the work of a political party at the local level.

45
Q

discuss local community structures

A

Local community structures are public structures. They are not organized by politicians but rather by groups of ordinary citizen. Local community structures deal with local issues in their area or community

46
Q

What does the South African Schools Act No.84 of 1996 states:

A
  1. A representative council of learners at the school must be established at every public school enrolling learners in the eighth grade or higher, and such council is the only recognized and legitimate representative learner bod at the school.
  2. Subject to policy made in terms of Section 3(4)(g) of the National Education Policy Act,1996(Act No.27 of 1996),the member of the executive council must ,by notice in the Provincial Gazette ,determine the functions and the procedures for the establishment and election of representative councils of learners.
47
Q

The main community structures: Civil Society organisations (CSOs) (description)

A

=interest groups

=NGOs

=Community-based and faith-based organisations.

48
Q

The main community structures:Representative councils for learners (description)

A

=elected representatives,one from each class.

49
Q

The main community structures: Civil Society organisations (CSOs) (principles and functions)

A

=monitor

=advocate

=assist with service delivery

=represent group of people with common interests and concerns.

50
Q

The main community structures: Civil Society organisations (CSOs) (processes for participation)

A

=get involved

=participte in youth and women’s groups ,neighbourhood watches,school governing bodies,environmental and human rights advocacy groups

=Start a civil society organisation or advocacy project

51
Q

The main community structures:Representative councils for learners (principles and functions )

A

=Build unity amoung the learners

=address the needs of all the learners

=keep learners informed about events in the school and community.

=Encourage good relationships between learners and educators ,and between learners and other members of staff

=Encourage good relationships between learners educators and parents of learners

=Establish Fruitful links with representative councils of learners in other schools,and with youth organisations

52
Q

The main community structures:Representative councils for learners (processes for participation)

A

=stand for election

=hold meetings

53
Q

civil society

A

ordinary citizens

54
Q

non-governmental organisations(NGOs)

A

organisations that are not part of government

55
Q

faith based orgnisations

A

non profit organistaions that are formed byb people of the same religion

56
Q

what is a constitution

A

a legal founding document.This means that it is the foundation on which an organisation is built.Many structures and organisations have constitutions ,such asnon-government organisations,comunity-based organisations ,residents’ association and youth groups

57
Q

what does the constitution usually state

A

=The purpose of the organisation-why it exists

=aims and objectives-what the organisation intends to achieve

=type of organisation,for example ,a not-for-profit voluntary association

=memebership-who can join-and the duties and the rights of the members

=structures and procedures for making decisions,for example,meetings,elections and appointments,and for getting the work done.

=the roles,rights and responsibilities of the people holding specific positions

=how the money and assets are controlled

=how to close the organisation

58
Q

discuss National and Provincial elections

A

National and Provincial elections take place every 5 years. You vote for the political part and not an individual. The political party gets a share of seats in Parliament depending on the number of votes it received in the election. Each party then decides on members to fill the seats it has won. This is called a proportional representation (PR) voting system

59
Q

discuss Metropolitan municipal elections

A

Metropolitan municipal elections happens every 5 years. In these elections ,you vote for the political party and you vote for the ward candidate of your choice to represent you.

60
Q

Discuss Local municipal election

A

Local municipal elections take place every 5 years .You have 3 votes in these elections: one for your individual representative on the local council ward, and 2 for for a political party on the local council and the district council.

61
Q

Discuss Municipal by-elections

A

Municipal by-elections happen when a ward councilor dies, is expelled or resigns and his or her seat becomes vacant

62
Q

discuss Community organizations

A

they also have elections to choose the chairperson and other office bearers such as the secretary and treasurer. These elections usually happen every year at the annual general meeting(AGM)

63
Q

what are mandates

A

A mandate is the power to act that voters give to their elected leaders. Acts of law also give mandates

64
Q

what is lobbying

A

to try and influence government officials ,or any people in position of power, to make decisions for or against something.

65
Q

name examples of lobbying

A

=individuals or organizations could lobby the government to change tax laws

=parents could lobby the school governing body to provide lunches at school

=HIV and AIDS activists and organizations could lobby the president to provide affordable treatment for people who are HIV-positive

=a residents’ association could lobby the municipality to create park

66
Q

What are some ways in which people could lobby

A

=writing emails and letters to people in power

=holding informal talks with committee members and decision-makers over coffee.

=holding and attending meetings

=organizing petitions

=using Twitter and Facebook to gain support.

67
Q

what is advocacy

A

the act or process of supporting a cause or proposal. Citizens, or groups ,start a campaign to influence the decisions made about a particular issue. They raise awareness about the issues and lobby government about it

68
Q

An advocacy campaign can raise awareness by:

A

=organizing public meetings to inform people about the issue

=distributing informal leaflets

=using the media to gather public support

=organizing petitions

=writing to members of the parliament local councilors

=organizing marches and demonstrations

=writing songs

69
Q

why can structures change

A

=the people in them change

=their constitutions change

=their mandates change

=they are changed through advocacy and lobbying

70
Q

Name examples of advocacy campaigns

A

=Soul City’s promotion of road safety by advocating for legislation to make it compulsory to have reflector material in uniforms and for learners patrols to be active in all primary schools.

=The International Federation of the Road Cross and Red Crescent’s advocacy campaign ‘Our children-Our Future’ for orphans and other children made vulnerable by HIV and AIDS.

=Disabled People South Africa(DPSA) Highly Enhanced Advocacy for Rights and Transformation(HEART) advocacy campaign to raise awareness and to lobby to change the livelihoods of disabled people.

71
Q

If you want to change structures and organizations ,you can organize or attend the following types of meeting:

A

=public meetings

=private meetings-make appointments with local councilors, mayors or provincial ministers.

=Izimbizo-large community meetings at which Local Councils give feedback and listen to the community’s concerns

=committee or annual general meetings of, for example, a community organization or NGO

72
Q

how can citizens participate in strengthening democracy

A

=through local and community structures

=school governing bodies

=community policing forums

NGOs

73
Q

State the 12 basic steps of the law making process

A
  1. A draft bill is drawn up.
  2. The draft bill is introduced to the National assembly.
  3. The public are allowed to comment on the draft bill.
  4. After the public comment, changes are made to the draft bill.
  5. A minister tables the bill in parliament.
  6. The bill is given a number.
  7. Parliament studies the bill.
  8. A special parliamentary committee debates the bill, and may ask for public comment again.
  9. When the parliamentary committee has made any changes, they send the bill back to parliament.
  10. Parliament votes o the bill. At least half of the members the National Assembly must vote in favor of the bill for it to be approved. If there is no majority ,then the bill does not become a law.
  11. If the bill is approved ,The National Council of Provinces (NCOP) considers the bill .It can approve, suggest changes or reject the bill.
  12. If the NCOP approves the bill ,it sends it back to the National Assembly to be passed. A law is passed when the President finally signs it.
74
Q

nation building

A

promoting a South African identity. National unity and a shared sense of belonging.

75
Q

partipants

A

people involved in an activity or event or sport

76
Q

spectator

A

person who watches sport

77
Q

sporting behavior

A

The way participants and spectators behave in sport.

78
Q

(triggers, behavior and effects) Pre-bought tickets not available…

A 
Triggers 
=Tickets only at gate 
=tickets sold out
=late coming
=only one entrance
=poor security and planning
=expensive tickets

behavior
=spectators sometimes break the entry gates to get into the stadium without tickets, or arrive late and push to get in.

effects
=spectators can be trampled in stampedes and be injured or killed.
=Photos of sports stadium tragedies are often flashed across the world, giving a negative image of our country.
=Spectators may be scared to attend matches in the future
=some tickets may be sold illegally at expensive prices for an individual’s profit, stolen on trains and busses to an event, or even forgotten.

79
Q

(triggers, behavior and effects) =Lack of seating …

A

triggers
=no numbering of seats
=few ushers and security to enforce correct seating

behavior
=sometimes supporters sit in the emergency exits and they block the only way out.
=Spectators steal other people’s seats.

effects
=if there is a fire or if somebody needs emergency first aid, it is not possible to make a quick exit.
=Spectators may panic and cause a stampede or crush.
=is spectators find others sitting in their seats, they may get angry and fights may occur.

80
Q

(triggers, behavior, and effects) =Rivalry between opposing teams…

A

triggers
=lack of security
=voilence saw as normal in a society.

behavior
=some fans arrive with weapons

effects
=opposing spectators are stabbed or beaten
=games are abandoned. The host team is usually penalized and loses points or forfeits the match.

81
Q

(triggers, behavior and effects) =Alcoholism

A

triggers
=drunkeness
=substance abuse
=drug pedlars selling their wares at stadiums

behavior
=spectators who bring alcohol into the premises may get drunk
=spectators smoke dagga and get aggressive

effects
=They put themselves and others at risk. They may fall from stands.
=They behave in antisocial ways
=They cause fights 
=They annoy sports fans
82
Q

(triggers, behavior and effects) =Participants oppose match officials

A

triggers
=spectators don’t agree with match officials’ decisions
=lack of fencing and security

behavior
=spectators run onto the sports field

effects
=they harm players and themselves
=They hold up play and the result may not be fair.

83
Q

(triggers, behavior and effects) =Anger at match officials

A

triggers
=participants are cheating or are unsporting

behavior
=supporters throw objects onto the pitch

effects
=This can harm players, officials, and other spectators. It can blind a player or cause serious head injury

84
Q

(triggers, behavior, and effects) =Anger at players who lose

A

Triggers
=Ander at coaches who don’t make popular substitutions

behavior
=spectators boo players
=spectators swear at the coach.

effects
=players lose confidence or get angry
=coaches can’t focus and make incorrect decisions

85
Q

(triggers, behavior, and effects)= Antisocial attitudes

A

triggers
=using sport for own agendas

behavior
=bad spectator behavior in general

effects
=The sporting code involved gets a bad reputation
=speactators stop attending
=clubs can go bankrupt because loses the gate takings
=Clubs can be fined for bad spectator behavior

86
Q

(triggers, behavior, and effects) =Betting Cartels offering bribes to players and match officials.

A

behavior
=players take bribes to throw a match=trefrees take bribes to unfairly favor a specific team or player.

effects
=spectators are angry and disappointed, and stop supporting their sports codes.

87
Q

A code for player and spectator behavior aims to;

A

=get rid of violent and harmful actions at recreation and sports facilities

=ensure a positive,safe and uplifting environment for spectators and participants

=develpo a culture that supports safety, fair play, and positive sporting experiences for all

= ban racism from sports.

88
Q

the impact of behavior on spectators, participants, teams, opposition, community, society, and nation?

A

Sporting behavior leads to good effects while unsporting behavior has harmful effects.

89
Q

How can sport support nation-building

A

It can build tolerance, understanding, and respect. Sports have always had the power to oppose racism, discrimination, and human rights abuses. It helps us make friends with strangers and build relationships across cultures, languages, religions, ages, and incomes. It helps in elevating qualities like discipline, determination, teamwork, and a passion for fitness in the psyche of a nation.

90
Q

When sport can detract from nation-building

A

The only way it can damage is if spectators, players, match officials, and administrators do not behave in a sporting way.

91
Q

define civil organization:

A

is a group of people that operates in the community in a way that is distinct from both government and business. They monitor government policies and actions and hold the government accountable.

92
Q

Name the requirements when writing a petition

A

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

Life Orientation (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions