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History A Level OCR > Democracy And Dictatorships In Germany 1919-63 > Flashcards

Democracy And Dictatorships In Germany 1919-63 Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the most immediate consequence of the defeat of World War 1?

A

The abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II.

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2
Q

Who was power passed to after Kaiser Wilhelm II abdication?

A

The council of people’s representatives.

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3
Q

Which political party was Friedrich Ebert the leader of?

A

The Social Democratic Party (SPD)

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4
Q

What did Ebert sign to end the post war fighting?

A

An armistice.

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5
Q

What did worker’s do as a result of losing the war?

A

Established major workers’ councils in different cities.

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6
Q

How was Ebert able to avoid a revolution?

A

By keeping the support of the army and industrialists.

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7
Q

Which 3 political parties formed a coalition in 1919?

A

SPD
Catholic Centre Party (ZP)
German Democratic Party (DDP)

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8
Q

Why did Germans view the new constitution with suspicion?

A

Because it was significantly different to the old autocratic system set up by Kaiser Wilhelm.

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9
Q

What happened to the gap in living standards between the rich and the poor?

A

It significantly increased.

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10
Q

What happened to factory workers wages after the defeat of world war 1?

A

It either stagnated or declined.

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11
Q

How many widows and children without fathers were there after world war 1?

A

600,000 Widows.
2,000,000 Children without fathers.

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12
Q

How much of the governments budget did war pensions take up?

A

1/3

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13
Q

How much was a 100 mark bond worth from 1914 in 1918?

A

30 Marks

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14
Q

Germany did not expect to pay reparations except for the damage of 2 countries, what were these countries?

A

France
Belgium

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15
Q

What did Germany expect to be invited to be a part of after the war?

A

The league of nations.

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16
Q

Why did the government have very little choice on accepting the treaty of Versailles?

A

Germany was very weak and vulnerable to attack after the defeat in the war.

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17
Q

How much land did Germany lose due to the treaty of Versailles?

A

10%

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18
Q

How much of Germanies population was lost in the treaty of Versailles?

A

12.5%

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19
Q

How much of Germanies coal industry was lost in the signing of the treaty of Versailles?

A

16%

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20
Q

How much of Germanies iron industry was lost in the treaty of Versailles?

A

48%

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21
Q

With its Danish population voting to return to Denmark which German owned city was given a plebiscite?

A

Schleswig.

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22
Q

Which areas of Germany was given to Poland?

A

Upper Silesia (Which contained coal and steelworks)
West Prussia
Posen

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23
Q

What did the treaty of Versailles limit Germany’s army to?

A

100,000 men.

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24
Q

What did the treaty of Versailles limit Germany’s navy to?

A

15,000 men.

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25
Q

What form of weapons were Germany forbidden to have after the treaty of Versailles?

A

Tanks
Aircraft
Submarines
Poison Gas
(Ships were limited)

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26
Q

What happened to the Rhineland due to the treaty of Versailles?

A

It was permanently demilitarised.
Allied troops would occupy it for 15 years.

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27
Q

What year did the commission set a figure for reparations and what was the figure set?

A

1921.
£6,000 million.

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28
Q

What was Germany forced to sign due to the treaty of Versailles?

A

The War Guilt Clause 231.`

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29
Q

Why was proportional representation criticised?

A

It allowed to many small parties to gain representation.

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30
Q

How many different cabinets were there between 1919 and 1933?

A

20 different cabinets.

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31
Q

Who replaced Ebert as president after he died in 1925?

A

Hindenburg

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32
Q

What was article 48?

A

Article 48 allowed the president to rule without permission from the Reichstag.

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33
Q

What led to the formation of the Spartacists?

A

After the war many people wanted a soviet style government and wanted industry to be nationalised but the decision was to give power to parliament.

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34
Q

What dates did the Spartacists attempt to seize power?

A

5th - 12th January 1919.

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35
Q

Why was the Spartacists uprising such a failure?

A

They did not have a very big force to back the uprising.

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36
Q

Who crushed the Spartacists?

A

The Freikorps.

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37
Q

What were the names of the leaders that were killed in the Spartacist uprising?

A

Rosa Luxembourg
Karl Liebknecht

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38
Q

What happened in the Ruhr in March 1920?

A

The KPD were able to take control of much of the region, It was by far the greatest threat from the left. However, it was also eventually crushed by the Freikorps.

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39
Q

Why was the Kapp putsch difficult to crush?

A

Because the army refused to crush this uprising.

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40
Q

Why was the Kapp Putsch and eventual failure?

A

Trade unions went on strike around the same time which ended up paralysing public services.

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41
Q

Where in Germany was the Nazi party and many other extreme political parties formed?

A

Bavaria

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42
Q

When did the Munich Putsch start?

A

8 November 1923?

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43
Q

Why at first did it appear that Hitler would be successful with his putsch?

A

He was able to seize the state governor?

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44
Q

How was the Munich Putsch crushed?

A

Police charged into Munich killing 16 Nazi’s and arresting Hitler.

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45
Q

How long was Hitler sentenced for and how much time did he serve in prison?

A

5 Years
8 Months

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46
Q

Why was Hitler’s trial a good thing for him?

A

He was able to generate publicity for himself and the Nazi party.

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47
Q

When year and month was the invasion of the Ruhr?

A

January 1923.

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48
Q

Why was the Ruhr invaded and who by?

A

It was invaded because Germany fell behind on reparations.
It was invaded by France and Belgium.

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49
Q

What did the French do after the Germans at the Ruhr went on strike?

A

They brought in their own workers to operate mines and factories.

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50
Q

What was the German currency considered by August 1923?

A

Virtually worthless.

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51
Q
A
52
Q
A
53
Q

What did Stresemann put an end to when he created the ‘great coalition’?

A

Passive Resistance

54
Q

What is passive resistance?

A

Non-violent threat to authority.

55
Q

Why did Stresemann have little choice when it came to creating his Great Coalition?

A

DNVP were planning a coup to bring in dictatorship.
KPD were planning uprisings around Germany.
There were plans of a nationalist coup in Bavaria.

56
Q

The value of marks to 1 dollar was 8.9 marks to $1 in 1919, what was it in 1922 and 1923?

A

493.2 marks to make $1
4,200,000,000 marks to make $1

57
Q
A
58
Q

What did people resort to during the hyperinflation crisis to buy things?

A

Bartering (Exchanging Goods)

59
Q
A
60
Q

Who did the hyperinflation crisis hurt the most financially?

A

Civil servants and middle class people who were on fixed incomes.

61
Q

Why was hyperinflation a good thing for some Germans?

A

For the Germans with assets they could pay of all there loans as they became almost worthless.

62
Q

What was the currency Gustav Stresemann introduced and when was it introduced?

A

The Rentenmark
November 1923

63
Q
A
64
Q

What year did Germany finally get industrial production up to 1913 levels?

A

1927

65
Q

What were the negative consequences of the Rentemark?

A

It led to an increase in the cost of exports.
This led to many factory workers being made redundant.

66
Q

Why was there an increase in people joining the workforce between 1924-1929?

A

The baby boom just before the war.

67
Q
A
68
Q

How many people in Germany were unemployed by January 1928?

A

2,000,000 people unemployed.

69
Q

What was the Dawes plan?

A

US would finance the expansion of the German government, loans were also made to industry and banks.

70
Q

When was the Dawes plan introduced?

A

1924

71
Q

How much money did the Dawes plan rack up in loans?

A

800,000,000 marks in US loans.

72
Q

What was the Young plan?

A

It was a plan to reduce reparations or extend the period in which they would be paid which were set in the treaty of Versailles.

73
Q

When was the Young plan introduced?

A

1929

74
Q

What did Gustav Stresemann say about the Dawes and Young plan about it’s stability?

A

He said that Germany was ‘dancing on an active volcano’.

75
Q

In 1929 how many German farms were failing to make money?

A

Over 1/2 the farms in Germany.

76
Q

Why was there anger in the country sides at the government in 1929?

A

They believed the government was favouring towns.

77
Q

Who did the peasants in the peasant protests give their political support to in 1929

A

The NSDAP (The Nazi Party)

78
Q

What did the SPD and the DVP disagree on which made it difficult for them to co-operate.

A

Social and economic policies.

79
Q

Which of Stresemann’s policies did the DNVP dislike?

A

Rapprochement

80
Q

In 1928 how many more seats did democracy pro parties have than radical parties?

A

136 seats.

81
Q

What % of the vote did the NSDAP (The Nazi Party) get in the 1928 election?

A

Less than 3%

82
Q

What was Hindenburg’s aim when he first became president?

A

To exclude the PSD from government.

83
Q

What happened to unionised workers throughout 1924 - 1929?

A

Wages rose.
Hours were reduced to 8-hourn days.
Standard of living rose.

84
Q

What did Berlin challenge Paris as?

A

The cultural capital of the world.

85
Q

When did Gustav Stresemann die?

A

November 1929.

86
Q

What group did Germany join in 1926?

A

The League Of Nations.

87
Q

Who retreated from Germany in 1929?

A

The allied disarmament commision.

88
Q

Who was retreated from the Rhineland in 1927?

A

Allied troops.

89
Q

Why was the Dawes plan not a good idea in the long term for Germany?

A

It relied heavily on foreign loans.

90
Q

What happened in October 1929?

A

The Wall Street Crash

91
Q

What did the wall street crash lead to?

A

US retracting there loans to Germany worsening Germanies financial position

92
Q

How many people were unemployed in Germany by spring 1929?

A

2,500,000 Unemployed.

93
Q

Unemployment was at it’s highest in January 1932, but what figure did it reach?

A

6,000,000 Unemployed.
33% of the workforce.

94
Q

Why was the unemployed benefits system not working in 1930?

A

When the benefits system was created it was assumed the most it would have to pay is for 800,000 however by 1930 it was 4 times that putting a strain on government funding.

95
Q

What happened in July 1931?

A

Austrian Bank Kredit Anstalt collapsed.

96
Q

What did France do during the wall street crash’s period of financial instability?

A

France blocked an emergency loan to Germany which could have eased the crisis.

97
Q

Why was the collapse of the Austrian bank catastrophic for the Germans?

A

The became scared that all banks would close and withdrew all their money meaning that the banks had very limited funds and collapsed anyway.

98
Q

How did Germany benefit from the Wall Street Crash?

A

A one year suspension on German reparation payments was introduced. But with no recovery in 1932 reparation payments were cancelled.W

99
Q
A
100
Q

Why did the unemployment crisis divide the ‘great coalition’?

A

Because the different parties had opposing views on how to combat the unemployment crisis.

101
Q

What did the DVP want to do to combat the unemployment crisis?

A

They wanted to cut benefits entirely.

102
Q
A
103
Q

Who was the chancellor of the great coalition?

A

Muller.

104
Q

What led to Muller resigning?

A

Hindenburg wouldn’t grant him emergency powers to approve his budget.

105
Q

Who became chancellor after Muller in 1930?

A

Bruning.

106
Q

What did Bruning say he would do if he failed to gain a majority?

A

Rule by emergency decree and dissolve the Reichstag.

107
Q

How many seats did the Nazi Party gain in the 1930 election?

A

107 from 12 in 1928.

108
Q

When was Bruning dismissed?

A

May 1932

109
Q

What did Bruning try to ban when he was chancellor?

A

The Nazi SA

110
Q

How many seats did the Nazi party gain in 1932?

A

230

111
Q

Who became the chancellor after Bruning?

A

Von Papen

112
Q

Why did Von Papen lose his Chancellorship?

A

There was a vote of no confidence against him after he failed to command a majority.

113
Q

Who was appointed Chancellor after Von Papen and when were they appointed?

A

Von Schleicher
2 December 1932

114
Q

Which two political parties benefitted the most from the depression?

A

KPD
The Nazi Party (NSDAP)

115
Q

Who was the leader of the NSDAP before Hitler?

A

Anton Drexler

116
Q

How did Hitler’s strategy change after his failure of the Munich Putsch?

A

He began to start winning power by the ballot box.

117
Q

What did Hitler do in prison?

A

He wrote an anti-semitic book called Mein Kampf (My Struggle).

118
Q

What were the three reasons that the Nazi party was able to take advantage of the depression?

A

The Weimar government appeared weak.
Unemployment was rising and the Nazi’s offered public work schemes.
Many feared communism and this was the opposite of communism.

119
Q

What happened in the 1932 election?

A

The Nazi party was the largest single party however they still did not get a majority.

120
Q

Who was appointed propaganda minister by Hitler?

A

Joseph Goebbels

121
Q

When was Joseph Goebbels appointed propaganda minister?

A

1932

122
Q

What did Goebbels do in 1932 with Hitler?

A

He chartered a plane a flew all around Germany with Hitler spreading the Nazi message.

123
Q

What did the SA do during the early 1930s?

A

They crushed communist revolts or parades or uprisings.

124
Q

When was Hitler appointed Chancellor?

A

January 1933

125
Q
A

History A Level OCR (1 decks)

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