Democracy and development

Question 1

Modern political democracy is a system of governance in which rulers are held accountable for their action in the public realm by citizens, intervening (1) directly, through their own
actions, or (2) indirectly, through the competition and cooperation of their elected representatives

Answer 1

Institutional definition of democracy (Magadia and Ramos, 2010).

Question 2

What are the two ways through which the citizens can hold the rulers accountable for their action in the public realms?

Answer 2

(1) directly, through their own
actions

(2) indirectly, through the competition and cooperation of their elected representatives

Question 3

What are the formal institutional requisites of democracy (electoral)?

Answer 3

Competitive (multiparty) political system
-opposition’s chance to win is not trivial
-incumbent’s chance to lose is not trivial
-leaders rule only for the time being
-winners are allowed to rule

Universal adult suffrage for all citizens

Regularly contested, ‘free’ and fair elections with secret ballots

Effective public access by political parties to the electorate

Question 4

What are the formal institutional requisites of democracy (liberal)?

Answer 4

Freedom of expression
Rule of law
Individual rights and autonomy
Ensuring state transparency and accountability

Question 5

According to the freedom in the world (2022), Philippines is a ____ country?

Answer 5

Partly free (55/100)
- Political rights (25/40)
- Civil liberties (30/60)

Question 6

What is the average corruption perceptions index of the Philippines in 2022?

Answer 6

33/100 with 45/100 average (ranked 116 out of 180)

Question 7

According to Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) democracy index, Philippines has a ____ democracy/

Answer 7

Flawed democracy

Question 8

What are the informal institutional requisites of democracy.

Answer 8

Contingent consent
Bounded uncertainty

Question 9

What is the central paradox of democracy?

Answer 9

Competition and cooperation

-Competition for votes, allocation values, and/or resources

-Cooperation for security and development

Question 10

Refers to the equitable distribution of growth including institutional transformations - economic, political, and social.

Answer 10

Development

Question 11

While the development requires institutions that promote more or less radical accumulation, change and transformation, the institutions which are required to sustain and consolidate democracy are characteristically the ones that promote the politics of accommodation, compromise, and the center. The political logic of democracy is generally, therefore, necessarily consensual, conservative, and incremental in the change it brings about.

Answer 11

Institutional incompatibility between democracy and development

Question 12

Democracy creates sets of opportunities that empower people to demand for development and to participate in social processes, including the process of development itself. Democracy does not serve as an automatic remedy of ailments as quinine works to remedy malaria. The opportunity it opens up has to be positively grabbed in order to achieve the desired effect. This is, of course, a basic feature of freedoms in general-much depends on how freedoms are actually exercised.

Answer 12

Reconciling democracy and development (Sen 1990)