democracy and citizenship

Question 1

Democratization

Answer 1

the action of making something accessible to everyone; the introduction of a democratic system or democratic principles (power is vested in the people)

Question 2

Democratic Backsliding

Answer 2

“erosion” or when a democratic country shows signs of becoming autocratic or authoritarian

Question 3

Active Citizenship

Answer 3

someone being involved in the community, their nation, or actively contributing to democracy (PARTICIPATION)

Question 4

Natural Slavery (or Aristotelian Slavery)

Answer 4

people are slaves by nature; the relationship between slave and master is fundamental to the law of nature

Question 5

Teleology

Answer 5

history is moving forward in a straight line to a single goal/event; the essence of a thing is its end

Question 6

Tumult

Answer 6

commotion or violent agitation/disturbance (usually to force social change)

Question 7

Passions vs. Reason

Answer 7

passions are impressions – strong and lively perception with a direction or impulse, while reasons is the matter of connecting various ideas in order to come to a belief, it may form the circumstances under which passions arise (reason can generate no impulse by itself)

Question 8

The Social Contract

Answer 8

an implicit agreement among the members of a society to follow moral and political rules.

Question 9

The State of Nature

Answer 9

Rousseau argued that people are neither good nor bad, but are born as a blank state and influenced by society and their environment

Question 10

The Lawgiver

Answer 10

someone who invents a moral code (Rousseau)

Question 11

Equality of Conditions

Answer 11

the desire for an ever more perfect equality that pervades the pursuits and lives of individuals in a democratic society. (it is favorable to the purity of morals, the social commotion by which conditions are rendered equal) (Rousseau)

Question 12

Reform vs. Revolution

Answer 12

reforms are about reconstruction or improvement of something, while revolution focuses on destroying something

Question 13

Institutions

Answer 13

an established law, practice, or custom

Question 14

Human Emancipation vs. Political Emancipation

Answer 14

political emancipation is liberating humans as participants in political life from factors that would otherwise not allow it (such as religion) and individual citizens having equal status in relate to the state (political emancipation is the only way for citizens to be protected by the state); human emancipation is being free from another person’s control (Marx)

Question 15

Universalism

Answer 15

universal laws; implies that it is possible to apply generalized norms, values, or concepts to all people and cultures (individual and collective autonomy)

Question 16

Self-Determination

Answer 16

the process by which a group of people, usually possessing a certain degree of national consciousness, form their own state and choose their own government

Question 17

Democratic Despotism

Answer 17

democracy by virtue of functioning can lead to despotism (form of government in which a single entity rules with absolute power) (Du Bois considers the relationship between domestic and international affairs)

Question 18

World Democracy

Answer 18

a way of governing which depends on the will of the people that occurs globally (globalizing would be undemocratic though; it would need to start with small communities and then expand)

Question 19

Domination

Answer 19

the exercise of control or influence over someone or something, or the state of being so controlled

Question 20

Welfare

Answer 20

financial support given to people in need (need welfare so they can enjoy quality of opportunity; the state would provide welfare so everyone has a equal opportunity)

Question 21

Class-Abatement

Answer 21

(abatement is the act/process of reducing or otherwise abating something) citizenship is a tool of social equality; equality of opportunity > equality of outcomes

Question 22

Civil Rights

Answer 22

the rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality

Question 23

Political Rights

Answer 23

a class of rights that protect individuals’ freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals

Question 24

Social Rights

Answer 24

a right to participate in society (the right to work, education, healthcare, etc.)

Question 25

Legalis homo vs. Zoon politikon

Answer 25

legalis homo means the subject invokes already given law (gailian) while zoon politikon is the citizen as a lawgiver, such as participating in the laws created political animal (aristotlian)

Question 26

Possessive Individualism

Answer 26

individuals owe nothing to society; the individual is the proprietor of their own person and capacities

Question 27

Materialism

Answer 27

the tendency to consider material possessions more important than spiritual values; the material conditions of our existence determine all else in society

Question 28

Liberal Citizenship

Answer 28

citizenship as status

Question 29

Civic Republicanism

Answer 29

citizenship as practice (participation, being active in a community)

Question 30

Public/Private

Answer 30

the public is the ‘polis’ or the political; the private is the ‘oikos’ or the household (a right to privacy is the separation of personal life and personal choices; being able to choose what is put into the public sphere and what is not)

Question 31

Impartiality

Answer 31

equal treatment of everyone

Question 32

Democratic Consolidation

Answer 32

thought as and believed to be that democracy is the only system of government that will function in a nation

Question 33

Deliberate Democracy

Answer 33

theory that emerged in opposition to interest group politics (form of participatory democracy; the mode of participation requires people to be calm, collected, reasonable, and non-emotional) reason will supersede power, force, and emotion

Question 34

Agnostic Democracy

Answer 34

the mode of participation requires people to be irrational, emotional, etc… to truly be democratic

Question 35

White Democracy

Answer 35

a democracy that places emphasis on structural inequalities (race); involves political and economic structures (the political structure that is being introduced is race) (active in the US because minorities are oppressed and inequality exists)

Question 36

Herrenvolk Democracy vs. Herrenvolk Republicanism

Answer 36

herrenvolk democracy favors race (whites ruling themselves democratically); herrenvolk republicanism promotes the dominance of a particular ethnic or racial group

Question 37

Abolition Democracy

Answer 37

abolitionist white citizenship

Question 38

Civil Disobedience

Answer 38

willling to be punished for people to be persuaded and to support your cause (Ex: MLK)

Question 39

Withdrawing / Drawing In

Answer 39

can be an active participant if withdrawing from the system, can allow for engaging in political mobilization (Ex: CPAC withdrawing from the system)

Question 40

Legal Cynicism and System Avoidance

Answer 40

where one views the law and law enforcement to be illegitimate (this leads to system avoidance, not wanting anything to do with law enforcement…)

Question 41

A Green New Deal

Answer 41

strengthening infrastructure and creating new jobs, BUT reducing gas emissions to combat pollution and climate change

Question 42

Digital Technology and Citizenship

Answer 42

new technology doesn’t threaten democracy because we can still choose to be active citizens and have free will (new technology just gives more accessibility to data/information)

Question 43

Democracy and Representation (mimetic ontology)

Answer 43

humans are passionate and can be blind to our own contributions to conflict

Question 44

Rendered Output

Answer 44

changing the current frame of something to put it into something else (Ex: Chat GPT)