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Neuro Exam 2 > Dementia/NTBI Review > Flashcards

Dementia/NTBI Review Flashcards

1
Q

Etiologies of NTBI

A
  • brain tumors
  • asphyxiation/suffocation
  • anoxic/hypoxic injury
  • seizures
  • encephalitis
  • virus
  • meningitis
  • stroke
  • drug abuse
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2
Q

T/F Dementia: Impairments of cognitive function are commonly accompanied, and occasionally preceded, by deterioration in emotional control, social behavior, or motivation

A

True

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3
Q

Early signs of dementia

A
  • memory failure
  • disorientation
  • lapses in judgment
  • difficulty performing activities of daily life
  • difficulty performing mentally challenging tasks
  • misplacing things
  • apathy and loss of initiative
  • change in mood
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4
Q

Dementia syndromes is divided into 3 major categories, what are they?

A
  1. Cortical dementia- changes in cerebral cortex (Alzheimer’s)
  2. Subcortical dementia- changes in basal ganglia, thalamus, and brain stem (Parkinson’s, Huntington’s)
  3. Mixed dementia- caused by changes in cortical and subcortical structures
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5
Q

Cortical dementia examples

A

Alzheimer’s

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6
Q

Subcortical dementia examples

A
  • Parkinson’s
  • Huntington’s
  • Progressive supranuclear palsy
  • AIDS
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7
Q

Mixed dementia examples

A
  • vascular dementia
  • Lewy body dementia
  • frontotemporal dementia (Pick’s disease)
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8
Q

Subcortical dementia: Cortical function impairments occur in the _____ stages;
Motor impairments are evident in the ______ stages

A

later; early

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9
Q

Subcortical dementia:

First signs of dementia appear ___ to ____ after the appearance of motor impairments (as the disease progresses)

A

months to years

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10
Q

T/F Most SDs are delayed consequences of extrapyramidal system disease and reveal volitional movement impairment

A

true

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11
Q

Parkinson’s: disturbances of movement including….

A

muscle rigidity, tremor, slowness, or abolition of movement, and loss of balance

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12
Q

T/F Women are affected by Parkinson’s more than men

A

false; men>women

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13
Q

Parkinson’s is caused by deterioration of dopaminergic neurons in ____ and ____

A

basal ganglia and brainstem

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14
Q

What is the primary tx for Parkinson’s?

A

Levodopa (body converts to dopamine)

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15
Q

T/F Micrographia is common in Parkinson’s

A

true

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16
Q

T/F Vocabulary, syntax, and grammar are preserved in Parkinson’s

A

false; preserved until the later stages

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17
Q

Huntington’s is an inherited….

A

degenerative neurologic disease

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18
Q

T/F There is no cure for Huntington’s

A

true

19
Q

What are the first symptoms of Huntington’s?

A
  • involuntary movements

- irritability, emotional outbursts, mental deterioration, memory, progressive motor impairments

20
Q

Stages of Huntington’s

A
  • cognition and communication
  • dysarthria
  • dysphagia
  • final stages: mute, incontinent and profoundly demented
21
Q

Progressive Supranuclear Palsy: what disease does it resemble?

A

Parkinson’s

22
Q

Early symptoms of PSP

A

paralysis of muslces responsible for downward gaze, rigidity of neck muscles, facial muscle weakness

23
Q

Symptoms of progression in PSP

A

pt loses vertical and lateral eye movements, limbs become stiff and rigid, dysarthria, and dysphagia

24
Q

T/F there is no known tx for PSP

A

true

25
Q

PSP speech characteristics

A
  • dysarthria
  • speech is slow
  • repetition
  • reduced vocal loudness
26
Q

T/F Language is not affected in PSP

A

true; language remains intact

27
Q

T/F mutism is common in early stages for PSP

A

false; common in very late stages

28
Q

What percent of persons with AIDS develop AIDS dementia complex?

A

70%

29
Q

Early symptoms of AIDS dementia

A

extrapyramidal pathology (weakness, slowness, rigidity, dyskinesia)

30
Q

Later symptoms of AIDS dementia

A

cortical involvement (declined perception, memory, intellect, language)

31
Q

T/F Alzheimer’s: Men>women

A

false; women are affected more than men

32
Q

Alzheimer’s: 3 microscopic changes in brain neurons, what are they?

A
  1. neurofibrillary tangles
  2. neuritic plaques
  3. dranulovacular degenearation
33
Q

Alzheimer’s: 1st symptoms

A

memory lapses, faulty reasoning, poor judgment, disorientation, mood changes

34
Q

T/F Vascular dementia is the leading cause of dementia in adults

A

false; AD is first, VD is second

35
Q

T/F Pure vascular dementia is relatively uncommon

A

true; majority have AD and VD

36
Q

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) leads to tissue ____ and reduced ____ in the brain’s frontal and temporal lobes

A

shrinkage; function

37
Q

T/F FTD is rare

A

false; it was once considered to be rare, but it’s now thought to account for up to 10-15% of all dementia cases

38
Q

3 broad categories of FTD are…

A
  1. behavioral-variant FTD
  2. Semantic dementia
  3. Progressive non-fluent aphasia
39
Q

Semantic dementia: people speak easily, but their words convey less and less ____

A

meaning

40
Q

Semantic dementia: T/F tend to use broad general terms such as “animal” when they mean “cat”

A

true

41
Q

Progressive non-fluent aphasia: people loose their ability to generate ____ easily, and their ____ becomes halting, “tongue-tied” and ungrammatical

A

words; speech

42
Q

Other causes of dementia

A
  • normal pressure hydrocephalus
  • mad cow disease
  • late stages of ALS, MS
  • brain tumors and chronic SDH
  • bacterial or viral infections of the brain (meningitis, encephalitis)
  • hemodialysis
43
Q

Pseudodementia: symptoms of _____ may mimic symptoms of dementia

A

depression

44
Q

Individual experiences confusion, disordered thinking, disorientation, agitation, hyperactivity, distractibility, and sometimes delusions and hallucinations, and may be caused by:

A
  • medicataion
  • infections (e.g. UTI)
  • metabolic disorders
  • surgery, anesthesia
  • substance withdrawl
  • toxins (carbon monoxide poisoning)
  • ICU delirium

Neuro Exam 2 (4 decks)

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