Dementia

Question 1

Most decline skill

Answer 1

Speed processing (digit symbol, letter, patten comparison)
Working memory (reading, computation, etc)
Long term memory

Question 2

Last to decline

Answer 2

World knowledge (vocab)

Question 3

What is dementia?

Answer 3

Declines in cognitive, function, and behaviour?

Question 4

Most common cause of dementia?

Answer 4

Alzheimers

Question 5

Cause of Alzheimers Disease?

Answer 5

Unknown.

Risk factor is age.

Question 6

Life expentancy of A.D.

Answer 6

3-20yrs post diagnose.

8yrs average

Question 7

Diagnosis of A.D.

Answer 7

History taking.
Cognitive Ax (mini mental, etc)
Neurological Ax
Meds review
Blood tests.
Amyloid imaging.

Question 8

Symptoms of A.D.

Answer 8

Changes in memory.
Atrophy of brain.
Declining amyloid-beta protein.

Question 9

Atrophy of brain

Answer 9

Widening of sulci and enlargement of ventricles.

Question 10

Most affected lobes in brain atrophy

Answer 10

Frontal, temporal, and parietal.

Question 11

Pre clinical A.D.

Answer 11

First noticed in Entorhinal cortex, then proceed to hippocampus.

Question 12

First sign of A.D.

Answer 12

Memory loss (misplace item, forget recent events, get lost easily)

Question 13

Mild to moderate A.D.

Answer 13

Cerebral cortex begins to shrink

Question 14

Mild AD signs

Answer 14

memory loss, confusion, trouble handling money, mood changes, increased anxiety.

Question 15

Moderate AD signs

Answer 15

increase memory loss, problems recognising people, difficulty with language and thoughts, restlessness, agitation, wandering, etc

Question 16

Sundowning behaviour

Answer 16

behavioural problems tend to begin or worsen in late PM/evening.

Question 17

Severe AD

Answer 17

Extreme shrinkage in brain occur. Dependant on others for care.

Question 18

Severe AD signs

Answer 18

weight loss, seizure, skin infection, groaning, moaning, grunting, incontinence.

Question 19

Death in AD is commonly due to

Answer 19

Aspiration pneumonia, or other infections.

Question 20

? Hypothesis of AD

Answer 20

Reduced choline uptake and acetylcholine release.

Loss of cholinergic neurons from basal forebrain.

Question 21

Enzyme responsible for synthesis of acethycholine?

Answer 21

Choline acetyltransferase.

Question 22

Treatment for AD

Answer 22

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.

Question 23

Pathology of AD

Answer 23

Increased levels of amyloid beta peptide.
Increased levels of hyperphosphory-lated tau (p-tau).
Widespread loss of neurons and synapses.

Question 24

What is p-tau??

Answer 24

a microtubule assembly protein that accumulates intracellularly as neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs).

Question 25

Non AD pathway

Answer 25

Alpha cleavage to gamma cleavage

Question 26

AD pathway

Answer 26

Beta cleavage to gamma cleavage.

Question 27

What happens when APP is cleaved by B and Y secretase enzymes??

Answer 27

neurotoxic AB peptides are released.

Question 28

Accumulation of AB can lead to

Answer 28

Axonal damage.

Synaptic damage, excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, lysosomal failure, damage to signalling pathways.