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Conditions neuro > Dementia > Flashcards

Dementia Flashcards

1
Q

Dementia Cause

A

permanent degeneration and damage to nerve cells in the brain

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2
Q

Dementia symptoms

A

Loss of memory, Judgment, Language, Object recognition, Motor skills, Decreased perceptual skills, Personality changes, Impaired executive function,Planning, organization, abstract reasoning

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3
Q

Non-modifiable RF

A

Genetics, Advanced age, Chronic illness

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4
Q

Modifiable RF

A

Heavy alcohol use, Obesity, Hyperlipidemia, Smoking, Depression, Head injury, Diabetes, Stroke, Cardio pulmonary conditions, Lack of social stimulation, Drug toxicity

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5
Q

Delirium

A

• Disturbance in consciousness with reduced ability to sustain attention & cognition
• Develops over short period of time and fluctuates
Caused by a medical condition: Dehydration, drug toxicity, blood pressure changes, blood sugar changes, anesthesia REVERSIBLE

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6
Q

DSM criteria:

A

Must have memory impairment and at least one of the following:
– Aphasia: Difficulty speaking
– Apraxia: Difficulty with motor planning
– Agnosia: Difficulty recognizing objects
– Disturbance in executive functioning: Planning, problem solving, sequencing…

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7
Q

Early onset

A

before age 65

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8
Q

Most common form dementia

A

Alzheimer 60-80% Progressive, degenerative disease of brain tissue

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9
Q

Stage 1: Alzheimer

A

Very mild to mild cognitive deficits (1-3 years)
Angry outbursts, personality changes, denial , preference for familiar settings
Memory loss, greater for recent events
Decline complex cognitive tasks, decision making, planning, attention, initiation

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10
Q

Stage II: Alzheimer

A

Mild to moderate decline (5-7 years)
Questioning, wandering, pacing, rummaging
Chronic recent memory loss, difficulty with written and spoken language
Needs assist with ADL’s more difficulty with familiar tasks

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11
Q

Stage III:Alzheimer

A

moderate to moderately severe decline (2-3 years)
Repititious movement or sounds
Misidentificaiton of familiar objects, decreased vocab need HOH assis
ADL dependent, incontinence, diff eating, impaired gait increase falls

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12
Q

Stage IV: Alzheimer

A

Severe cognitive deficits & physical decline (average 3 months- 1 year)Terminal stage, fleeting attention, may respond to touch or music
Utters vs. saying words, decreased visual tracking, contracture/skin integrity
Bed or w/c dependent, TOT dependent in self-care, dysphasia, loss of appetite

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13
Q

Need to evaluate:Person with dementia,

A

Cognition, orientation, safety awareness, visual perceptual abilities, Hearing, touch, strength, ROM, Functioning in daily activities, The caregiver(s), Medications, routines, The contexts, Home assessment, fall risk, supports and barriers leads to memory loss and problems

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14
Q

Structural changes Alzheimer

A

Beta amyloid plaques Twisted strands tau protein (tangles) Nerve cell damage and death Acetylcholine (ACh) transmission reduction/Reduction of AChR
• Secondary dementia

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15
Q

2nd most common dementia

A

Vascular dementia 20-30% of cases Multi infarct/post CVA

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16
Q

Post CVA

A

Confusion, disorientation, global aphasia, vision loss

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17
Q 
Multi infarct (small strokes or vascular issues)
–
A

Gradual changes as damage accumulates
– Impaired planning , attention, problem solving and judgment, emotional lability, word finding deficits, impaired social functioning

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18
Q

Dementia with Lewy Bodies

A

(usually seen with PD) Structural changes
Abnormal aggregations of protein alpha-synuclein Disrupts dopamine projections to frontal cortex and basal ganglia Dementia/cognitive decline Parkinsonian motor disturbances Shuffling gait, tremor, mask like appearance, rigidity, flexed posturing

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19
Q

Frontotemporal dementia

A

Group of disorders caused by progressive cell degeneration in frontal and/or temporal lobes 10-15% all cases Diagnosed earlier ages (50’s to 60’s) Family history ALS

20
Q

Sub-types:-Behavioral Variant (bvFTD)-

A

Primary Progressive Aphasia-
FTD Movement Disorders
Corticobasal degeneration
Progressive supranuclear palsy

21
Q

FTD Symptoms:

A
  • Behavioral changes often earliest symptom
  • Deficits in spatial orientation
  • Speech deficits: word finding, increased generalized speech, difficulties with written expression.
  • Hallucinations and delusions uncommon
22
Q

Secondary to other medical conditions

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease: transmissible spongiform encephalopathy caused by abnormal proteins (prions), rapidly fatal.
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome: Severe B-1 deficiency. Most common cause ETOH abuse, creates chronic memory dysfunction.
Huntington’s Disease progression
Parkinson’s Disease progression
HIV/AIDS Related
Medication induced dementia Symptoms persist when substance is withdrawn, 12% of persons diagnosed with dementia,
Result of: Substance abuse, Medication, Toxic exposure

23
Q

Aggressive behaviors

A

Hitting, biting, screaming, pacing

Strategies: Be calm, stay out of reach, redirect

24
Q

Hallucinations and delusions

A

Auditory, tactile, visual, olfactory

Most common involve theft or spouse (unfaithful or imposter) Strategies: Distraction

25
Q

“Sundowner’s Syndrome” or “Sundowning”

A

Agitation, confusion, wandering and/or disorientation at end of day Strategies: Picture schedule for day/night routine, Improve lighting during day, Physical touch, Redirect, Find activities of interest, Social interaction, Provide structured routine, Temperature control

26
Q

Repetitive actions

A

Pacing, rummaging, repeating, gestures, self abusive behaviors, disruptive/irritating to carers Strategies: Engage in other activities – folding trash bags, holding teddy bear/doll, rocking chairs, music, modify familiar and enjoyed ax

27
Q

Catastrophic reactions

A

Extreme outburst to minor stressors -Verbal/physical aggression or social isolation -May be brought on by fatigue (ill, tired)Strategies: Redirect Know triggers Take out of environment Be calm Predictable/no surprises Short naps Read cues

28
Q

Impaired Verbal abilities

A

Difficulty with using nouns, Rely more on nonverbal gestures and sounds, Can sing familiar songs, may revert to primary language Strategies: Speak slowly and calmly, Use simple, short sentences, Clearly enunciate words, Write short phrases/words, Ask yes/no questions, Minimize distractions, Allow extra time, Listen for true meaning, Use positive words, Do not use baby talk

29
Q

OT Scope of practice

A

-Educate family members and those in the early stages of disease about dementia and its functional effects.
- Evaluate persons with dementia to determine strengths, impairments, and performance areas needing assistance.
- Assist person with dementia to improve function through compensation or adaptation.
- Assist caregivers to help them cope with difficult, and yet often rewarding, role.
Observation of functional tasks Assessment Need to evaluate: Cognition, orientation, safety awareness, visual perceptual abilities Hearing, touch, strength, ROM Functioning in daily activities
The caregiver(s) Medications, routines
The contexts Home assessment, fall risk, supports and barriers

30
Q

Dementia assesments

A 
MMSE/MoCA,
Kitchen Task Assessment (replaced by Rabideau), 
Executive Function Performance Test, 
Allen Cognitive Level,  
Cleveland Scales for ADL, 
Katz ADL, 
Disability Assessment for Dementia, 
Independent Living Scales, 
Caregiver’s Strain Questionnaire
31
Q

Interventions: Health promotion

A

Maintain strengths of clients Promoting wellness care providers

32
Q

Interventions: Remediation

A

Physical skills (ROM, Strength, Endurance)

33
Q

Interventions: Maintenance

A

Provide supports to ensure skills are maintained as long as possible

34
Q

Interventions: Modification

A

Safe and supportive environments through adaptation and compensation

35
Q

Interventions: Spaced retrieval

A

Procedural memory over declarative memory Compensation strategies for memory ie: Repetition priming and external aids

36
Q

Interventions: Behavioral functional analysis

A

A: antecedent B: Behavior to change C: Resulting consequence

37
Q

Reminiscence therapy

A

Discussion of past events, activities, and experiences with person or group

38
Q

Tangible prompts:

A

photographs, familiar items, music and archive recordings.

39
Q

Barriers for wandering behavior

A

Wallpaper doors Stop signs/caution tape (recognizable warning signs) Enclose outdoor areas

40
Q

Safety

A

Home modifications/fall prevention DME, contrasting colors Lock doors and cabinets Medications, sharps

41
Q

ADL

A

Dressing Routine, hand over hand, mirrored approach Grooming/hygiene Safety considerations, shaving using a mirror? Keep medications and scissors/sharps locked up

42
Q

Toileting

A

Place picture of toilet on bathroom door Extra set of incontinence pads/clothing for community Establish routine: Same time every day, limit caffeine in evening.

43
Q

Feeding/eating

A 
Watch for eating non edibles Quiet and distraction free environment
Social environment (may mimic others eating) Use color contrasting plates for table/table cloths No plastic utensils – could bite/breakOffer finger foods, sippy cups, straws
44
Q

Bathing

A

Plan for best part of day Warm up room ahead of time Hand-held shower/ over head can be scary Offer choice bath or shower

45
Q

Sleep Routine

A

Light exercise/physical activity (walking etc), Restrict caffeine after 2 pm, Play soothing and calm music

46
Q

Sensory Stimulation:

A

Animal assisted therapy, Multisensory stimulation, Montessori methods, Sensory diet cards, Snoezelen rooms, Aromatherapy

47
Q

Training Maintenance of function,

A

Task analysis and grading, Provide written instruction, Behavior modification, Environmental modifications, Support, Connect with support groups, Respite care Health

Conditions neuro (11 decks)

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