Dement And Kleitman: The Relation Of Eye Movements During Sleep To Dream Activity :An Objective Method For The Study Of Dreaming

Question 1

Outline the aims of the study

Answer 1

1. To test whether dream recall will differ between REM and nREM stages of sleep.
2. To test whether there will be a positive correlation between subjective dream estimate and length of REM.
3. To test whether there is a correlation between patterns of eye movements and content of dream.

Question 2

State the three hypothesis of the study

Answer 2

1. Dream recall will differ between REM and nREM stages of sleep
2. there is a significant positive correlation between the estimate of time spent dreaming and the measurement of REM sleep
3. There’s a correlation between the pattern of eye movements and the content of dream.

Question 3

What was the research method of this study

Answer 3

The research method was a laboratory experiment using correlation and observation.

Question 4

What is the experimental design

Answer 4

It’s a repeated measure experimental design because all the subjects were working both from REM and nREM stages of sleep.

Question 5

Outline the IV and the DV of the study

Answer 5

The independent variable was whether subjects were woken up during REM or nREM stages of sleep ( 5 or15 mins)

The dependent variable was a dream recall: estimate of length of dreaming, eye movements, and dream content

Question 6

How many participants were there in the study?

Answer 6

There were 9 participants (seven males and two females) from the Chicago area of America. Five of the participants were studied intensively and the other four were used to confirm the findings.

Question 7

What machines were used?

Answer 7

sleep laboratory, EEG machine, electrodes, doorbell and tape recorder

Question 8

What does the EG machine do?

Answer 8

It measures brain activity and eye movement electrodes were attached to the participants called and around the eye area.

Question 9

Outline the procedure of this study

Answer 9

1. Each participant reported to the love just before the usual bedtime.
2. They are not allowed to have caffeine or alcohol during the day of the study.
3. The EEG electrodes attached to the high region of the skull will help together like a ponytail to minimize discomfort and entanglement.
4. They slept alone in a dark room
5. The EEG continuously recorded brain activity.

Question 10

What was the procedure for hypothesis 1?

Answer 10

The procedure was waking the participants and asking them to speak immediately into a tape recorder about the dream.

Question 11

Outline the procedure for hypothesis 2?

Answer 11

The procedure was waking the participants up after being in the REM for either five or 15 minutes and asking them to State how long they have been dreaming for 5 or 15 minutes

Question 12

Outline the procedure for hypothesis 3

Answer 12

Waking up the participants after one or four eye movement patterns occurred:
..vertical
.. horizontal
.. vertical and horizontal
..little or no eye movement.

Question 13

What were the controls of the study

Answer 13

there was no contact between experimental and participants during dream recall:
1. They were working by the doorbell which is attached next to their bed.
2. They want to speak into a tip recorder after being woken up from the REM.
3. No caffeine or alcohol was allowed both could affect REM sleep
4. Researchers checked eye movements when awake to see eye movements when looking into the distance

Question 14

What were the results for hypothesis 1?

Answer 14

The REM sleep had 152 recall versus 39 no recall.
The n e r m sleep had 11 recover versus 149 no recall.

Question 15

Outline the results for hypothesis 2

Answer 15

5 minutes had 45 correct verses 6 incorrect
15 minutes had 47 correct versus 13 incorrect

Question 16

State the results for hypothesis 3

Answer 16

Strong association between the pattern of REMs and the content of dreams:
1: horizontal eye movements related to looking left and right (eg throwing tomatoes)
2: vertical movements related to looking up and down (eg looking up a cliff face).
3: mixed movements related to looking at close objects.
4: little to no movements related to looking at distance objects (eg driving)

Question 17

Outline the conclusion of this study

Answer 17

-It is most likely the REM sleep is the only time we dream.
- Dreams progress over time rather than happen spontaneously
-The pattern of the rems was related to The Visual imagery of the dream

Question 18

Stage two strengths and two weaknesses of this study

Answer 18

One strength it has high generalizability because both male and female genders are being used. the data from sleep and dream from demons and Clements can be generalized to both genders.
Another strength is that it’s highly objective because he uses quantitative data in a form of the mean number of REM awakenings that did not produce dreams hence it does not require for the experimental to interpret the dreams.

One weakness of this study is that it has Low ecological validity as the subjects were restricted from consuming caffeine and alcohol on the day of the study. subjects went to sleep with electrodes on their scalp all went to sleep in a quiet dark room

Another weakness is that it has high reliability as the subjects were asked to estimate how long they thought they were dreaming for without letting them explain the estimation hence it lowers validity of the data and increases reliability.

Question 19

State the useful application of D&K

Answer 19

1. brain scanning uses EEG can be used in sleep disorders related to stages of sleep. this can be done by analyzing brain waves in different stages of sleep
2. Dream analysands May objectively analyze the content of the dream henceforth by dissociating from superstition.
3. the benefits of stages of sleep; stage three and four: associates with the growth or an immune system regeneration, stage 2: memory consolidation