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Power > Demand > Flashcards

Demand Flashcards

1
Q

Why is understanding and knowing electrical load important?

A

To plan long-term needs build adequate network and generation capacity operate networks efficiently meet electricity demand and optimize energy costs

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2
Q

What factors affect the total electrical load of an area?

A

Population living standards economics climate and other factors

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3
Q

What is domestic load?

A

The total energy consumed by household electrical appliances such as lights fans refrigerators air conditioners and heaters

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4
Q

What appliances are included in commercial loads?

A

Appliances in shops offices markets restaurants and advertisements including fans air conditioning and heating systems

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5
Q

What constitutes industrial load?

A

Electrical demand from small medium and large-scale industries with induction motors forming a major component of the load dependent on frequency and voltage

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6
Q

What is a resistive load and how does it work?

A

A resistive load obstructs electrical energy flow converting it into thermal energy with current and voltage in sync

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7
Q

What are common examples of resistive loads?

A

Toasters ovens and space heaters

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8
Q

How does an inductive load function?

A

It uses wire coils to create inductive fields with current peaking after voltage

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9
Q

What are common examples of inductive loads?

A

Dishwashers washing machines refrigerators air conditioners and electric motors

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10
Q

What is a capacitive load?

A

A load where current peaks before voltage commonly used to support inductive loads

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11
Q

What are examples of capacitive loads?

A

Capacitor banks and three-phase induction motor starting circuits

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12
Q

What is a load profile?

A

The variation of load concerning time plotted as power versus time

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13
Q

What factors affect domestic load profiles?

A

House income number of bedrooms number of inhabitants education level house type and weather

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14
Q

What challenges exist in commercial and industrial load profiles?

A

High demand uncertainties causing significant challenges in network planning and operation

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15
Q

What is load factor in power systems?

A

It is the ratio of actual kilowatt-hours (kWh) delivered to the total possible kWh that could be delivered over a specific period

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16
Q

What is a load duration curve (LDC)?

A

A graph showing the relationship between generating capacity requirements and capacity utilization by descending load magnitudes over time

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17
Q

How is a load duration curve obtained?

A

By plotting load profiles in descending order of load magnitudes with respect to time

18
Q

What is the practical use of a load duration curve?

A

It helps design baseload and peak load power plants by indicating how long specific load levels are required

19
Q

What is an electricity tariff?

A

It is the price at which electricity is sold to consumers varying by country and city

20
Q

What are the main objectives of electricity tariffs?

A

To recover electricity generation transmission distribution network investment maintenance costs and earn reasonable profits

21
Q

What are important features of electricity tariffs?

A

Return fairness simplicity and attractiveness

22
Q

What is a simple tariff?

A

A fixed rate per unit of energy consumed regardless of usage amount

23
Q

What are the advantages of a simple tariff?

A

It is easy to understand apply and ensures consumers pay according to their energy usage

24
Q

What are the disadvantages of a simple tariff?

A

No consumer type discrimination no incentives and no charges if electricity is not used

25
Q

What is a flat rate tariff?

A

A fixed cost per unit of energy consumed regardless of the time of use with charges based on total units consumed

26
Q

What are the advantages of a flat rate tariff?

A

It is fairer to different consumers and involves simple calculations

27
Q

What are the disadvantages of a flat rate tariff?

A

No consumer incentives and a need for separate meters for different loads

28
Q

What is a two-part tariff?

A

A tariff with two components: fixed charges and running charges

29
Q

What is an example of a two-part tariff system?

A

Paying to join a tennis club (fixed charge) and paying to play (running charge)

30
Q

What is a three-part tariff?

A

A tariff divided into fixed semi-fixed and running charges typically applied to large consumers

31
Q

What is a time-of-use tariff?

A

A tariff with different prices based on the time of electricity use encouraging off-peak consumption

32
Q

What are the benefits of time-of-use tariffs?

A

They help customers reduce bills and relieve pressure on the power system by balancing demand

33
Q

What is a real-time pricing tariff?

A

A dynamic pricing system where the per-kWh charge varies hourly based on real-time production costs

34
Q

What are the advantages of real-time pricing tariffs?

A

Greater profit control consumer incentives for energy use adjustments and improved cost efficiency through market-based pricing adjustments

35
Q

What is price elasticity of demand?

A

It measures how the quantity demanded changes in response to a price change calculated as the percentage change in demand divided by the percentage change in price

36
Q

What is perfectly elastic demand?

A

Demand where any price change leads to an infinite change in quantity demanded though rarely found in practice

37
Q

What is relatively elastic demand?

A

When the percentage change in quantity demanded is greater than the percentage change in price

38
Q

What is unitary elastic demand?

A

When the percentage change in quantity demanded equals the percentage change in price resulting in an elasticity of 1

39
Q

What is relatively inelastic demand?

A

When the percentage change in price is greater than the percentage change in quantity demanded

40
Q

What is perfectly inelastic demand?

A

When quantity demanded remains constant regardless of price changes

41
Q

What factors affect the elasticity of demand?

A

Availability of substitutes necessity of the product income and educational background

42
Q

What is demand side response (DSR)?

A

A method to modify consumer energy demand using financial incentives and education to reduce costs emissions and increase renewable energy usage

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