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Endocrinology Week 2 > Deleted > Flashcards

Deleted Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major endocrine glands?

A
  1. pituitary
  2. thyroid
  3. parathyroid
  4. adrenal
  5. endocrine pancreas
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2
Q

What are the common features of endocrine tissues?

A
  1. Ductless
  2. vascular
  3. Organization: blocks, plates, cord
  4. epithelial
  5. polyhedral
  6. numerous organelles
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3
Q

What are the characteristics of endocrine cells?

A
  1. specialized for secreting
  2. secrete into interstitial fluid and then into blood stream
  3. Do not require ducts
  4. requires proximity to blood vessels: fine vascular network
  5. Fenestrated endothelium to allow for easy diffusion
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4
Q

What are the different patterns of endocrine cells?

A
  1. epithelial
  2. mesenchymal
  3. neural
  4. individual cell
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5
Q

What do fenestrated capillaries contain?

A

They contain windows that offer easy passage to larger molecules

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6
Q

Which endocrine glands have an epithelial growth pattern?

A
  1. thyroid
  2. parathyroid
  3. anterior pituitary
  4. adrenal cortex
  5. pancreatic islets
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7
Q

What endocrine glands have a mesenchymal growth pattern?

A
  1. leydig cells
  2. ovarian stromal cells
  3. granulosa cells
  4. luteal cells
    CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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8
Q

What is Rathke’s pouch?

A

Ectoderm of oropharynx

Where the adenohypophysis originates from

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Develops from ORAL ECTODERM from buccal mucosa (Rathke’s pouch)
The master gland, epithelial properties
Secretes FLATPEG
Regulated by hypothalamic neurons

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of the posterior pituitary?

A
  1. Develops from NEURAL ectoderm
  2. secretory endings of axons from nerve cells whose cell bodies are located in hypothalamus
    Secretes oxytocin and ADH
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11
Q

What are the three anatomic portions of the anterior pituitary?

A
  1. pars distalis (antrerior)
  2. pars intermedia
  3. pars tuberalis (posterior and superior)
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12
Q

What are the two anatomic parts of the posterior pituitary?

A
  1. Pars Nervosa (contains neurosecretory endings of axons, unmyelinated)
  2. Infundibulum (the stalk)
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13
Q

What are the 3 cell types in the Pars Distalis?

A
  1. Acidophils
  2. Basophils
    Both of which are chromophils as well as
  3. Chromophobes
    Pink cells = acidophils
    Purple cells = basophils
    Chormophobes = NOT taking up any color
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14
Q

What cells in the pars distalis are the ACIDophils?

A 
1. somatotropes
Produce GH
2. Lactotropes
Produce prolactin
The PEG hormones
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15
Q

What cells in the pars distalis are the BASOphils?

A 
1. Corticotropes
Produce ACTH
2. Gonadotropes
Produce LH/FSH
3. Thyrotropes
Produce TSH
The FLAT hormones
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16
Q

What are the functional parts of the neurohypophysis?

A
  1. median eminence
  2. infundibular stalk
  3. pars nervosa
17
Q

What is in the pars nervosa?

A
  1. Unmyelinatiedpothalamus axons with cell bodies in hypothalamus
  2. pituicytes (supportive cells)
18
Q

How do nerve endings in pars nervosa differ from normal endings?

A
  1. non-synaptic

2. secrete hormones rather than neurotransmitters

19
Q

What are Herring Bodies?

A

Storage site for hormones secreted by the pars nervosa axons

20
Q

What do Herring Bodies store? EXAM Q

A

ADH

Oxytocin

21
Q

What are the key characteristics of the thyroid gland?

A

Characteristic follicles each with a large lumen surrounded by a simple cuboidal epithelium
Follicular cells store thyroglobulin in the follicles for subsequent use in production and secretion of T3 and T4
Parafollicular cells (C cells) produce calcitonin

22
Q

What do parafollicular cells of the thyroid produce? EXAM Q

A

Calcitonin, course director question

23
Q

What does follicular cells do?

A

Store thyroglobulin

24
Q

What is thyroxine?

A

T3

25
Q

Histological characteristics of the

parafollicular cell?

A

Next to follicular cells
PALE STAINING
Cytoplasm should be clear

26
Q

What is the significance of fat cells in parathyroid?

A

Fat cells increase with age with 60-70% of the gland eventually becoming fat

27
Q

What are the three types of parenchymal cells in parathyroid?

A
  1. principal (chief) cells
  2. Oxyphil cells (function unknown, egg cell)
  3. adipocytes (fat cells)
28
Q

What are the histological features of the parathyroid chief cells?

A 
Centrally located nucleus
Cytoplasm contains 
	-glycogen
	-lipid droplets
	-dense vesicles
29
Q

What are the histological features of the oxyphil cells?

A

Look like a sunny side up egg

30
Q

What is the function of chief (principal) cells in parathyroid?

A

Makes PTH

31
Q

What does the Zona Fasiculata of the adrenal gland produce? EXAM QUESTION

A

Glucocorticoids

Cortisol

32
Q

What are the three zones of the adrenal cortex?

A
  1. Zona Glomerulosa
    -mineralocorticoids
  2. Zona Fasciculata
    -glucocorticoids, cortisol
  3. Zona Reticularis
    -gonadocorticoids
    Mnemonc = GFR for zones
    Salt, Stress, Sex for hormones produced
33
Q

What are the characteristics of the adrenal medulla?

A
  1. composed of CHROMAFFIN cells arranged in groups or cords clustered around capillaries and venules
  2. modified neurons innervated by presynaptic sympathetic nerve fibers
  3. considered “post synaptic neurons” which lack axons
34
Q

What are the two types of chromaffin cells?

A
  1. Large dense core vesicles
    - secrete norepinephrine
  2. Small less dense core vesicles
    - secrete epinephrine
35
Q

What is key about large dense core vesicles?

A

One type of chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla

Secretes NORepinephrine

36
Q

What is key about small dense core vesicles?

A

One type of chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla

Secretes Epinephrine

37
Q

What is the most common lesion seen in adrenal medulla?

A

Pheochromocytoma

Originates in chromaffin cells

38
Q

What does cortisol do in

Adrenal medulla?

A

Cortisol probably inhibits
Growth of axonal processes
Of chromaffin cells
And induces conversion of norepi to epi

39
Q

What is the nesting pattern?

A

Endocrine cells grow in a ball of cells

Vascularity is around the cells so blood vessels that surround endocrine cells make it a “nesting” pattern

Endocrinology Week 2 (12 decks)

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