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Question 1

What are the major endocrine glands?

Answer 1

1. pituitary
2. thyroid
3. parathyroid
4. adrenal
5. endocrine pancreas

Question 2

What are the common features of endocrine tissues?

Answer 2

1. Ductless
2. vascular
3. Organization: blocks, plates, cord
4. epithelial
5. polyhedral
6. numerous organelles

Question 3

What are the characteristics of endocrine cells?

Answer 3

1. specialized for secreting
2. secrete into interstitial fluid and then into blood stream
3. Do not require ducts
4. requires proximity to blood vessels: fine vascular network
5. Fenestrated endothelium to allow for easy diffusion

Question 4

What are the different patterns of endocrine cells?

Answer 4

1. epithelial
2. mesenchymal
3. neural
4. individual cell

Question 5

What do fenestrated capillaries contain?

Answer 5

They contain windows that offer easy passage to larger molecules

Question 6

Which endocrine glands have an epithelial growth pattern?

Answer 6

1. thyroid
2. parathyroid
3. anterior pituitary
4. adrenal cortex
5. pancreatic islets

Question 7

What endocrine glands have a mesenchymal growth pattern?

Answer 7

1. leydig cells
2. ovarian stromal cells
3. granulosa cells
4. luteal cells
   CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Question 8

What is Rathke’s pouch?

Answer 8

Ectoderm of oropharynx

Where the adenohypophysis originates from

Question 9

What are the characteristics of the anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 9

Develops from ORAL ECTODERM from buccal mucosa (Rathke’s pouch)
The master gland, epithelial properties
Secretes FLATPEG
Regulated by hypothalamic neurons

Question 10

What are the characteristics of the posterior pituitary?

Answer 10

1. Develops from NEURAL ectoderm
2. secretory endings of axons from nerve cells whose cell bodies are located in hypothalamus
   Secretes oxytocin and ADH

Question 11

What are the three anatomic portions of the anterior pituitary?

Answer 11

1. pars distalis (antrerior)
2. pars intermedia
3. pars tuberalis (posterior and superior)

Question 12

What are the two anatomic parts of the posterior pituitary?

Answer 12

1. Pars Nervosa (contains neurosecretory endings of axons, unmyelinated)
2. Infundibulum (the stalk)

Question 13

What are the 3 cell types in the Pars Distalis?

Answer 13

1. Acidophils
2. Basophils
   Both of which are chromophils as well as
3. Chromophobes
   Pink cells = acidophils
   Purple cells = basophils
   Chormophobes = NOT taking up any color

Question 14

What cells in the pars distalis are the ACIDophils?

Answer 14

1. somatotropes
Produce GH
2. Lactotropes
Produce prolactin
The PEG hormones

Question 15

What cells in the pars distalis are the BASOphils?

Answer 15

1. Corticotropes
Produce ACTH
2. Gonadotropes
Produce LH/FSH
3. Thyrotropes
Produce TSH
The FLAT hormones

Question 16

What are the functional parts of the neurohypophysis?

Answer 16

1. median eminence
2. infundibular stalk
3. pars nervosa

Question 17

What is in the pars nervosa?

Answer 17

1. Unmyelinatiedpothalamus axons with cell bodies in hypothalamus
2. pituicytes (supportive cells)

Question 18

How do nerve endings in pars nervosa differ from normal endings?

Answer 18

1. non-synaptic

2. secrete hormones rather than neurotransmitters

Question 19

What are Herring Bodies?

Answer 19

Storage site for hormones secreted by the pars nervosa axons

Question 20

What do Herring Bodies store? EXAM Q

Answer 20

ADH

Oxytocin

Question 21

What are the key characteristics of the thyroid gland?

Answer 21

Characteristic follicles each with a large lumen surrounded by a simple cuboidal epithelium
Follicular cells store thyroglobulin in the follicles for subsequent use in production and secretion of T3 and T4
Parafollicular cells (C cells) produce calcitonin

Question 22

What do parafollicular cells of the thyroid produce? EXAM Q

Answer 22

Calcitonin, course director question

Question 23

What does follicular cells do?

Answer 23

Store thyroglobulin

Question 24

What is thyroxine?

Answer 24

T3

Question 25

Histological characteristics of the | parafollicular cell?

Answer 25

Next to follicular cells PALE STAINING Cytoplasm should be clear

Question 26

What is the significance of fat cells in parathyroid?

Answer 26

Fat cells increase with age with 60-70% of the gland eventually becoming fat

Question 27

What are the three types of parenchymal cells in parathyroid?

Answer 27

1. principal (chief) cells 2. Oxyphil cells (function unknown, egg cell) 3. adipocytes (fat cells)

Question 28

What are the histological features of the parathyroid chief cells?

Answer 28

``` Centrally located nucleus Cytoplasm contains -glycogen -lipid droplets -dense vesicles ```

Question 29

What are the histological features of the oxyphil cells?

Answer 29

Look like a sunny side up egg

Question 30

What is the function of chief (principal) cells in parathyroid?

Answer 30

Makes PTH

Question 31

What does the Zona Fasiculata of the adrenal gland produce? EXAM QUESTION

Answer 31

Glucocorticoids | Cortisol

Question 32

What are the three zones of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 32

1. Zona Glomerulosa -mineralocorticoids 2. Zona Fasciculata -glucocorticoids, cortisol 3. Zona Reticularis -gonadocorticoids Mnemonc = GFR for zones Salt, Stress, Sex for hormones produced

Question 33

What are the characteristics of the adrenal medulla?

Answer 33

1. composed of CHROMAFFIN cells arranged in groups or cords clustered around capillaries and venules 2. modified neurons innervated by presynaptic sympathetic nerve fibers 3. considered “post synaptic neurons” which lack axons

Question 34

What are the two types of chromaffin cells?

Answer 34

1. Large dense core vesicles - secrete norepinephrine 2. Small less dense core vesicles - secrete epinephrine

Question 35

What is key about large dense core vesicles?

Answer 35

One type of chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla | Secretes NORepinephrine

Question 36

What is key about small dense core vesicles?

Answer 36

One type of chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla | Secretes Epinephrine

Question 37

What is the most common lesion seen in adrenal medulla?

Answer 37

Pheochromocytoma | Originates in chromaffin cells

Question 38

What does cortisol do in | Adrenal medulla?

Answer 38

Cortisol probably inhibits Growth of axonal processes Of chromaffin cells And induces conversion of norepi to epi

Question 39

What is the nesting pattern?

Answer 39

Endocrine cells grow in a ball of cells | Vascularity is around the cells so blood vessels that surround endocrine cells make it a “nesting” pattern