Del 2 Flashcards
Why do we need conceptual model?
Using conceptual models, one can build a description of reality that is easy to understand and interpret.
The conceptual design is independent from a particular DBMS. This feature generates several advantages, give at least 1 example.
The conceptual schema can survive a late decision to change the target DBMS.
If the DBMS or application requirements change, the conceptual schema can still be used as a starting point of new design activity.
Different databases, described through their conceptual schemas, can be compared in a homogeneous framework.
What is conceptual modeling?
When a data model describes a set of concepts from a reality, we call it conceptual model.
In quality of conceptual modeling, describe Expressiveness.
How well the model accurately and clearly describes complex ideas, relationships and information.
In quality of conceptual modeling, describe Simplicity.
A conceptual model must be simple so that a schema built using that model is easy to understand for the designers and users of the database application.
In quality of conceptual modeling, describe Minimality.
Williams föreläsning
A conceptual model must use a minimal set of conceptual constructs to represent the reality (each concept must distinctly represent a meaning).
Min egna version
Means including only the most important things needed to understand a system or idea, avoiding unnecessary details that could make it more complicated.
In quality of conceptual modeling, describe Formality.
It requires that all concepts of the model have a unique, precise, and well-defined interpretation.
What are the key concepts(components) of conceptual modeling?
Entities. Entities represent classes of real world objects. eg PERSON. Graphically represented by means of rectangles
Relationships. Relationships represent aggregations of two or more entities. An example of a relationship is IS_BORN_IN, which relates PERSON and CITY of birth. Relationships are graphically represented by means of diamonds.
Attributes. Attributes represent elementary properties of entities or relationships. All the extensional information is carried by attributes. For example, attributes of PERSON are: NAME, PERSON_NUMBER, JOB, HOME_ADDRESS.
What is a workflow?
Workflows automate the flow of employee tasks and activities, reducing the time taken for the process to complete as well as minimizing potential errors caused by human interaction.
What is the start and end of an Final State Machine(FSM)? How are they shown in a model?
Initial state (Dark filled circle) & Final state (Dark filled circle with thick white border)
What do a Final state machine(FSM) consist of between the start and end? How are they shown in a model?
States (named, rounded rectangles) and transistions (arrows)
What are the constructs of an DFD? How are they shown in a model?
Process (Rounded rectangle)
Flow (Line with arrow)
Data Store (Open rectangle with line to the left) Skitsvår att förklara
Interface/User (Square)
What is a functional analysis?
Williams föreläsning
Functional analysis is the modelling of working activities within an enterprise. Functional analysis concentrates on understanding how information is used by each function and how it is exchanged among the functions.
Min version
The modelling of how different activities in a business work and shares information.
Give example of how to break down a goal by its semantics.
Goal: Happy employees
Subgoal: Happy staff members
Subgoal: Happy managers
Give example of how to break down a goal by its functions.
Goal: Learn more
Subgoal: attend more lectures
Subgoal: do more exercises
Give example of how to break down a goal by its components.
Goal: Make profit
Subgoal: sell more products
Subgoal: save more materials
Architecture is a process as well as a product. Describe what the product is.
Williams föreläsning
The product serves to guide managers in designing business processes and system developers in building applications in a way that is in line with business objectives and policies.
Lite enklare
The product helps managers design business processes and assists system developers in creating applications that align with business goals and policies
Ånnu enklare
Guide for designing business processes and building applications that is inline with business objectives and policies
Briefly describe the process of Enterprise Architecture
Enterprise Architecture involves creating a strategic framework that aligns an organization’s business processes, information, technology, and infrastructure to achieve its goals.
The process typically includes analyzing the current state, defining a target state, and developing a roadmap for transitioning between them, ensuring coherence and efficiency across the entire enterprise.
Briefly describe what a stakeholder is.
individual, team, or organisation (or classes thereof) with interests in, or concerns relative to, a system
Briefly describe what an external driver is.
Williams stuff
External pressures to take into account, both from customers, suppliers, and other business partners, and from regulatory bodies.
Egen förklaring
External factors that influence a companys decisions and strategies
eg. economic conditions, market trends, regulatory changes (GDPR), technological advancements, and social or cultural shifts.
Breifly describe what an Internal driver is.
Williams
The ‘soft’ part, its culture, is formed by its people and leadership, and is of equal if not higher importance in achieving these goals. We see internal drivers for using an architectural approach, related to the strategy execution of an organisation.
Min egna
Internal drivers refer to factors originating within an organization, such as culture, leadership, and operational efficiency, which influence its decisions, performance, and overall functioning.
What are the 4 perspectives in a Balanced ScoreCard(BSC)?
The Customer perspective
The Financial perspective
The Internal Business Processes perspective
The Learning and Growth perspective
What are the 3 layers of the Balanced ScoreCard(BSC)?
mission (e.g., to become the customers’ preferred supplier)
objectives (e.g., to provide the customers with new products)
measures (e.g., percentage of turnover generated by new products)
In Balanced ScoreCard(BSC) what is The Customer perspective and how can it be measured?
The Customer perspective asks how the enterprise should appear to its customers, with measures like customer satisfaction.
