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HTMLE > Dehydration > Flashcards

Dehydration Flashcards

1
Q

Dehydration

A

the procedure whereby calcium and lime salts are removed from tissues

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2
Q

When does dehydration done

A

After fixation adn before impregnation

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3
Q

Bones and decalcified tissues are cut with

A

fine fret-saw and trimmed with a hand razor

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4
Q

Appear as dark purple granular masses with lighter purple halos after hematoxylin staining

A

Microcalcification

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5
Q

The resistance when a tissue surface with small foci of calcification is sectioned with a microtome knife

A

Grating sensation

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6
Q

Remedy for grating sensation

A

Place the block face down on a cotton pad or gauze saturated with 10% HCl for approximately an hour

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7
Q

Calcium may be removed by

A

Acids, chelating agents, Ion exchange resins, and electrical ionization

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8
Q

Factors influencing the rate of decalcification

A

concentration, volume of decalcifying agent, temperature, mechanical agitation, sonificaton

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9
Q

Optimum temperature

A

18-30 degree Celsius

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10
Q

Impaired nuclear staining of Van Geison’s stain for collagen fibers

A

37 degree Celsius

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11
Q

Tissue will undergo complete digestion within 24-48 hours

A

55 degree Celsius

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12
Q

Most widely used agents for routine decalcification of large amounts of bony tissues. Stable, easily available, relatively inexpensive

A

Acid decalcifying agents

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13
Q

Most common and fastest decalcifying agent. Recommended for routine purposes

A

Nitric acid

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14
Q

Recommended concentration for nitric acid

A

5-10%

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15
Q

Recommended for urgent biopsy, and for needle and small biopsy

A

10% Aqueous Nitric Acid Solution

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16
Q

Recommended for urgent biopsies and less tissue distruction than 10% aqueous nitric acid

A

Formol Nitric Acid

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17
Q

Recommended for routine purposes

A

Perenyi’s Fluid

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18
Q

Most rapid decalcifying agent

A

Perenyi’s Fluid

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19
Q

It is inferior to nitric acid. Slower action greater distortion

A

Hydrochloric acid

20
Q

may be recommended for surface decalcification of the tissue block

A

1% HCl solution with 70% alcohol

21
Q

Usually contain HCl

A

Rapid proprietary solution

22
Q

Usually contain buffered formic acid or formalin/ formic acid

A

Slow proprietary solution

23
Q

moderately rapid decalcifying agent. It is recommended for teeth and small pieces of bone

A

Von Ebner’s Fluid

24
Q

Moderate-acting decalcifying agent (addition of citrate accelerates decalcification)

A

Formic acid

25
Q

Recommended for routine decalcification of postmortem research tissue and for small pieces of bones and teeth

A

Formic acid

26
Q

It is the only weak acid used extensively as a primary decalcifying agent

A

Formic acid

27
Q

Recommended for autopsy materials, bone marrow, cartilage, and tissue studied for research purposes

A

Formic Acid-Sodium Citrate Solution

28
Q

Suitable only for small spicules of bone

A

Trichloroacetic acid

29
Q

Suitable only for minute pieces of bone

A

Sulfurous acid

30
Q

Decalcifies minute bone spicules both a fixative and decalcifying agent

A

Chromic acid (Flemming’s fluid)

31
Q

Permits excellent nuclear acid cytoplasm staining

A

Citric acid-citrate buffer solution (pH 4.5)`

32
Q

Substance which combine with calcium ions and other salts to form weakly dissociated complexes and facilitate removal of calcium salt

A

Chelating agents

33
Q

Most common chelating agent

A

EDTA (Versene)

34
Q

traditionally referred as Acid. Also used as anticoagulant and water softener.

A

EDTA (Versene)

35
Q

A slow decalcifyng agent and also an excellent bone decalcifier for immunohistochemical or enzyme staining

A

EDTA

36
Q

Ammonium form of polystrene resin

A

Ion exchange resin

37
Q

Hastens decalcification by removing calcium ions from formic acid containing decalcifying solutions and not recommended for fluids containing mineral acids

A

Ion exchange resin

38
Q

Ratio of Ion exchange resin

A

20-30 times the volume of the tissue

39
Q

degree of decalcification measured by

A

physical or x-ray method

40
Q

Is the process whereby positively charged calcium ions are attached to a negative electrode and subsequently removed from the decalcifying solution

A

Electrophoresis (Electrical ionization)

41
Q

The priniciple is similar to that of chelating agents but utilizez electricity and is dependent upon a supply of direct current to remove calcium deposits

A

Electrophoresis

42
Q

done by touching or bending the tissue with the fingers to determine consistency of tissues or pricking tissue with a fine needle or a probe

A

Physical or Mechanical test

43
Q

very expensive and most ideal, most sensitive and most reliable method of determining extent of decalcification. Not recommended for mercuric chloride-fixed tissues

A

X-ray or radiological method

44
Q

simple, reliable, and convenient method. Recommended for routine purposes by precipitation of insoluble calcium hydroxide or calcium oxalate

A

Chemical method (Calcium oxalate method)

45
Q

The decalcifying agent is usually changed for

A

24-48 hours

46
Q

Indicates that there is still calcium in the solution

A

Presence of cloudiness

47
Q

Complete decalcification

A

Solution remains clear after 30 minutes

HTMLE (1 decks)

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