DeFrancis Flashcards by umesh srinivas

ren2

man-person

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dao1

knife

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li4

strength-power-force

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kou3

mouth-entrance-opening

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tu3

earth-soil

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da4

big-large

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son

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xiao3

small

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shan1

mountain-hill

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da4dao1

bigknife-sword

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ren2li4

manpower

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shan1kou3

mountainpass(usedespeciallyinplacenames)

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tu3ren2

anaborigine-anative

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neng2

able(to)-can

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xiang3

think-thinkabout-thinkof-thinkthat-desire-wantto-planto

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yao4

want-request-order(something)-will-if

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kan4

lookat-see-read-havetheviewthat-thinkthat

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nian4

readaloud-chant-read-study(abookorsubject)-studyataschool

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xue2

study-branchoflearning–ology(asin’biology)-school(incompounds)

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mai3

buy

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mai4

sell-sellfor(soandsomuchmoney)

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tai4

great-too-excessively-very-extremely

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jie3

oldersister-(unmarried)younglady

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jiao3

angle-corner

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(nounsuffix)

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ben3zi

notebook

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dao1zi

knife

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jie3jie

oldersister

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xiao2jie

younglady-miss

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tai4tai

marriedwoman-wife-Mrs.

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mai3mai4

buyingandselling-trade-business(usedchieflyinTaiwan)

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mai3mai4ren2

merchant(usedchieflyinTaiwan)

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xue2sheng1

student-pupil

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xiao3xue2

elementaryschool

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zhong1xue2

middleschool-highschool

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da4xue2

college-university

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xiao3xue2sheng1

middleschoolstudent

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zhong1xue2sheng1

middleschoolstudent

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da4xue2sheng1

collegestudent

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san1jiao3

triangle-trigonometry

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san1jiao3xue2

trigonometry

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wen2xue2

literature

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kan4shu1

read(abook)

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nian2shu1

study(usedchieflyinTaiwan)

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hai2shi

still-afterall-or

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yao4shi

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shen2mede

andsoforth-etc.

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xiang3yao4

wouldliketohave(followedbyanoun)-wouldliketo(followedbyaverb)

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bi3

compare-comparedwith-than

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xie3

write

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zi4

character-word

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dian3

records

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di4

land-ground-floor

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tu2

diagram-map-chart-illustration

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ji3

howmany?

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ge4

(generalmeasureforpersonsandthings)

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zhang1

(measureforflatobjects)-(asurname)

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wai4

outside-foreign

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zi4dian3

dictionary

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di4tu2

map

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guo2wen2

Chinese[lit.national]literature(aschoolcourse)(usedchieflyinTaiwan)

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wai4guo2

foreign(country)

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ren2kou3

population-numberofpeopleinafamily

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ren2ren2

everybody

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zhong1mei3

ChinaandAmerica-ChineseandAmerican-SinoAmerican

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zhong1ri4

ChinaandJapan-ChineseandJapanese-SinoJapanese

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zhong1ying1

ChinaandEngland-ChineseandEnglish-SinoBritish

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ying1mei3

EnglandandAmerica-EnglishandAmerican-AngloAmerican

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xie3zi4

write(characters)

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hao3kan4

goodlooking

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you3qian2

havemoney-bewealthy

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you3de

some(inthesenseof’somebutnotall’)

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hao3de

fine-okay

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bu4yao4

notwant(something)don’t(negativeimperativewhenfollowedbyaverb)

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yin1

because

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wei4

actas-be-as-for-becauseof

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suo3

thatwhich(asinsuo2you3de’thatwhichthereis’-i.e.all-therefore(insuo2yi)

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yi3

take-by-with-hence

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sui2

although

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ran2

thus-so

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ke3

may-bepermitted-indeed-however

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(aspectparticle)

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er2

child-son-(nonsyllabicsuffix)

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bao4

newspaper-journal

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er2zi

son

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er2nu3

sonsanddaughters

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nu3er

daughter

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men2kou3

doorway

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zher4

here

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nar4

there

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yin1wei

because-since

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suo2yi

therefore-hence

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sui2ran2

although

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ke2yi

can-may-possible

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ke3shi

but-however-nevertheless

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ke3neng2

bepossible-possibly-possibility

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kan4jian

see

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yi3wei2

suppose-think(usually’thinkincorrectly’incontrastwithxiang3whichisneverusedinthissense)

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bu2jian4le

notseeanylonger-benolongervisible-disappear-belost

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suo2you3de

all

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wei4shen2me

why?

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shi4ma

isthatso?really?

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ke3bushi4ma

isn’tthatso!yesindeed!

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jia1

home-family-(suffixofagentlikeenglish’er’inteacher)

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xiao4

school-college

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cheng2

citywall-city

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bian1

side-border-placewordsuffix-(asurname)

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zai4

beat

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shang4

goto(aplace)-ascend-goup-up-upper-above

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xia4

descend-godownfrom-down-lower-below

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li3

inside-interior

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tou2

head-beginning-(substantivesuffix)

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hai3

sea-ocean

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zhang3

head-chief

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hai3bian1

seaside-seashore-beach

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hai3kou3

seaport

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hai3wai4

overseas

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da4jia1

everybody

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ren2jia1

people-otherpeople-other-(ren2jia1)=humanhabitation-household

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guo2jia1

nation-state-country

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xiao3shuo1jia1

novelist

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wen2xue2jia1

literaryperson

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xiang3jia1

thinkofone’shome-behomesick

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jia1zhang3

parents

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xiao4zhang3

headofaschool-principal-president

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xue2xiao4

educationalinstituion-school-college-university

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di4xia4

belowground-underground-ontheground

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di4xia4che1

subway

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zhong1xin1

center-pivot-heartofsomething

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shang4xia4

aboveandbelow-upanddown-superiorandinferior-ascendanddescend

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shang4xia4wen2

context-textaboveandbelow(termderivedfromChineseverticalwriting)

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ma2shang4

immediately

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zhe4li3

here(writtenandgeneralmandarin)

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na4li3

there(writtenandgeneralmandarin)

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zai4wai4

beextra-notbeincluded-notincluding

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wei4deshi4

because-forthereasonthat-soasto

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bu4ran2

otherwise(usuallyusedwithpreverbialjiu4)

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yao4buran2

otherwise(usuallyusedwithpreverbialjiu4)

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yi2kua2er

together-thesameplace

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hai2you3

alsohave-and(beforelastofaseries)-inaddition-moreover

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shang4hai3

Shanghai

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zhang1jia1kou3

KalganorChangchiakoulit.Zhangfamilypass

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ri4ben3hai3

SeaofJapan

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di4zhong1hai3

MediterraneanSea

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dian4

shop-store

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yuan3

far

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jin4

near

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dong1

east

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xi1

west

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nan2

south-(asurname)

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bei3

north

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li2

distant(from)

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hu2

lake

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he2

river

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kou3

(measureforpersonsfromcensuspointofview)

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di4tu3

soil-land-territory

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tu3di4

soil-land-territory

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dong1xi1

eastandwest-thing-object

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si4bian1

(on)foursides-allaround

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shou3bian1

athand-onhand-(readily)available

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shou3shang4

athand-onhand-(readily)available

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mei3nu3

abeautifulwoman-abeauty

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he2bei3

Hopeh(province)

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he2nan2

Honan(province)

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hu2bei3

Hupeh(province)

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hu2nan2

Hunan(province)

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shan1dong1

Shantung(province)

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shan1xi1

(province)

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dong1bei3

northeast-theNortheast-Manchuria

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xi1hu2

awesternlake

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xi1shan1

WestLake(oneofChina’sforemostscenicspotsnearHangchow)

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dong1hai3

EastChinaSea

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shu1dian4

bookstore

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dong1hai3da4xue2

Tunghaiuniversity(inTaiwan)

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nan2hai3

SouthChinaSea-nameofadistrictinkwantungprovince

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jin4dong1

NearEast

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zhong1dong1

MiddleEast

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yuan3dong1

FarEast

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yuan3dong1da4xue2

e2FarEasternUniversity

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chang2cheng2

GreatWall

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tai4hu2

Tailake(betweenKiangsuandChekiangprovinces)

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bei3mei3

NorthAmerica

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nan2mai3

SouthAmerica

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xi1dong1da4xue2

SetonHalluniversity

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cong2

from(timeorplace)-since(time)

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dao4

arrive-goto-to

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lai2

come

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qu4

go(to)

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zou3

walk-go-leave-gothrough(aplace)-away(asapostverb)

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zuo4

sit-by(suchandsuchconveyance)-take…(astransportation)toseat(soandsomanypeople)

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chuan2

boat-ship

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lu4

road-route

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li3

(Chinese)mile

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hua2

China-(asurnmae)

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ben3

this-own’sown

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kou3

entrance(toastreet)

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ri4bao4

dailynewspaper

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yue4bao4

monthlyjournal

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xue2bao4

scholarlyjournal-learnedjournal

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ma3lu4

road-highway-street

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lu4kou3

entrancetoastreet-intersection

shi2zi4lu4kou3

intersection-rightanglejunctionoftwostreets(likethecharactershi2)

wen2ren2

literaryman(versusmilitaryman/businessman/etc.)manofletters-literatus

neng2li4

ability-power-energy

tu2shu1

chartsandbooks

zou3lu4

walk-goonfoot

zuo4chuan2

gobyboat

shuo1da4hua4

boast-exaggerate

xiao3xin1

becareful-watchout

ke3jian4

onecanseethat-itisobviousthat-apparently(referringtoapreviouslymentionedevent)

zai4xin1mu4zhong1

g1inone’smind-inone’sthoughts

bu2dao4

notreach-lessthan

ben3lai2

originally

jin4lai2

recently-lately

yi1bian1

???yi1bian1ontheonehand…ontheotherhand

ben3di4

thisregion-local-native

ben3guo2

thiscountry-one’sowncountry

ben3ren2

self(Imyself-youyourself-hehimself)

hua2li3

Chinesemile

ying1li3

Englishmile

zhong1shan1lu4

SunYatsenAvenue(abouttheequivalentof’WashingtonAvenue’inAmerica)

da4zhong1

GreatChina(innamesofplacesandinstitutions)

zhong1hua2

China(formal)

da4hua2

GreatChina(innamesofplacesandinstitutions)

dong1hua2

EastChina(innamesofplacesandinstitutions)

nan2hua2

SouthChina(innamesofplacesandinstitutions)

nan2bei3

NorthandSouth

hua2dong1

EastChina

hua2nan2

SouthChina

hua2xi1

WestChina

hua2zhong1

CentralChina

hua2mei3

ChinaandtheUnitedStates-ChinaandAmerica-SinoAmerican

hua2xi2da4xue2

WestChinaUnionUniversity(formerChristianuniversityinChengtunowmergedwithSzechuanuniversity)

shan1dong1da4xue2

e2ShantungUniversity(inTsingtaoShantung)

xi1bei3da4xue2

NorthwestUniversity(inSianShensi)

di4

(ordinalprefix)

ci4

(measureindicatingtimeoroccasion)

hao4

(measureindicatingnumberinaseriessuchasthedaysofthemonth)

tiao2

(measureforslimobjects[roads/fish/oxen/etc.])

jin1

thepresent-now

ming2

clear-obvious-next(beforetian’day’or’nian’year)

tian1

sky-heaven-day

nian2

year

you4

again(beforeverbs)-another(beforenumbere.g.’you4yitian1’anotherday’)

min2

people

tou2

first(whenfollowedbyanumberorameasure)-beginning(lit.head)ofastreet/lesson/etc.

jin1tian1

today

ming2tian1

tomorrow

bai2tian1

daytime

tian1tian1

everyday

jin1nian2

thisyear

ming2nian2

nextyear

qu4nian2

lastyear

nian2nian2

everyyear

nian2yue4ri4

date(usedinwriting)

shang4ci4

lasttime-previously

xia4ci4

nexttime-lateron

tou2ci4

firsttime

you3yi1tian1

oneday-once-onceuponatime

you3yi1ci4

ononeoccasion-once

you4you4

both…and…

you4yin1wei

forthefurtherreasonthat

yi4lai2er4lai2

???r4lai2inthefirstplace…inthesecondplace…-first…second(purposeorreasonisimpliedorexpressed)

ming2bai

understand-clearly-beclearaboutsomething-clear-clearlyunderstandable

ming2shuo1

stateclearly-statefrankly-stateexplicitly

wen2ming2

civilization-culture-civilized-culture

ren2min2

thepeople-themasses

shuo1ming2

explain-makeclear-explanation

zhong1hua2min2guo2

uo2RepublicofChina(established1912)

min2guo2

(abbreviationforRepublicofChina)

san1min2

ThreePeoples(abbreviationforsan1min2zhu3yi4’ThreePeople’sPrinciples’abookbySunYatsen.San1min2iswidelyusedininstitutionalnames)

ren2min2ri4bao4

People’sDaily(publishedinPekingasthechiefgovernmentorganofthePeople’sRepublicofChina)

yong4

use(N/V)

gei3

give-for-to(coverbandpostverb)

dui4

becorrect-to-toward-opposite-facing

guo4

pass-passthrough-passby-celebrate(birthdays/holidays/etc.)-after(followedbyatimeword)

zui4

most

qian2

front-before

hou4

after-afterwards

shi2

time

hou4

time

chu1

(atthe)beginning-(at)first

di4

anaim

hui3

amoment

liao3

(usedinresultativeverbcompounds)

sheng1

unfamiliar-strange-new-raw-uncooked

bu2guo4

notpassby(somewhere)TV-notexceed-notsurpass(alsousedinRVending)-however

bu2yong4

notuse-notneed(todosomething)

chu1ci4

firsttime

chu1xiao3

lowerelementaryschool-primaryschool

chu1zhong1

lowermiddleschool-juniorhighschool

cong2lai2

hitherto-always(seenotes)

cong2qian2

previously-formerly

dui4men2

thehouseacrossthestreet-theoppositebuilding-beopposite

gao1xiao3

upperelementaryschool

gao1zhong1

uppermiddleschool-seniorhigh

gong1qian2

wages

guo4lu4

crossaroad-crossastreet-passby

guo4nian2

passintothenewyear-celebratethenewyear-periodofthenewyear-NewYear’s

guo4ri4zi

passthedays-live

guo4sheng1ri

celebrateabirthday

hou4lai2

afterwards-lateron

hou4nian2

yearafternext

hou4tian1

dayafternext

lu4guo4

passontheway

mai4gei3

sellto

ming2hou4

nextortheoneafter(asinming2hou4nian2’nextyearortheyearafter’)

mu4di4

aim-objective

qian2nian2

yearbeforelast

qian2tian1

daybeforeyesterday

ran2hou4

afterwards

ri4yong4

dailyexpenses-dailyneeds

ri4zi4

day

sheng1ri4

birthday

sheng1zi4

unfamiliarcharacter-newcharacter

shi2hou

time

yao4bu2shi4

ifitwerenotthat-butfor

yi4hui3er

amoment

yi3hou4

after-afterwards

yi3qian2

before-previously

yong4ren2

employpeople-makeuseofpeople-servant

yong4xin1

useown’sbrains-domentalwork(diligentinmentalwork)

you3yong4

useful

zui4chu1

atfirst

zui4hao3

bebest-itwouldbebest

zui4jin4

beclosest-mostrecent-veryrecently-verysoon

zui4hou4

last-final-ultimate

gong1

work-labor

xin1

heart

shou3

hand

ri4

sun

yue4

moon

mu4

tree-wood

mao2

feather-fur-bodyhair

shui3

water

huo3

fire

niu2

ox-cow

gong1ren2

worker

huo3shan1

volcano

shan1shui3

landscape

shou3gong1

handicraft

shui3kou3

mouthofastream(usedespeciallyinplacenames)

shui3li3

waterpower

shui3niu2

waterbuffalo

shui3shou3

sailor(literally’waterhand’

fang1

region-place-method-way-(asurname)

fa3

method-way-France

yan2

study-research

jiu1

investigate

yu3

speech-language

bai3

hundred

qian1

thousand

wan4

10thousand-(asurname)

kai1

open-start-getunderway(ships/vehicles/etc.)-putinoperation-operatevehicles-away(asapostverb)

zhu3

chief-master

hui4

meeting-organization-society

suo3

office-bureau-institute

shang4

last(eg.beforeyue4’month’)

xia4

next(eg.beforeyue4’month’)

bi3fang1

(for)example-if(forinstance)

bi3fang1shuo1

forexample-if(forinstance)

di4fang

place-locality-space-local

di4zhu3

landowner-landlord

dong1fang1

TheEast-TheOrient

fa3guo2

France

fa3wen2

French(languageandliterature)

fa3zi

method-plan-way(ofdoingsomething)

fang1fa3

method-plan-way(ofdoingsomething)

fang1yan2

regionalspeech-dialect

guo2yu3

NationalLanguage(replacedbypu3tong1hua4’commonspeech’inthePRCbutstillusedinTaiwan)

hui4zhang3

head(ofanorganizationwithhui4aspartofitsname)

kai1che1

driveacar(orothervehicle)

kai1hui4

holdameeting-attendameeting

kai1xue2

startschool

kan4fa3

wayoflookingatsomething-viewpoint-opinion

li2kai1

leave(aplace)(RV)

mei2fa3zi

lackawayofdoingsomething-itcan’tbedone-there’snohelpforit

min2zhu3

democracy-democratic

shang4ge4yue4

lastmonth

suo3zhang3

head(ofanorganizationwithsuo3aspartofitsname)

wai4lai2yu3

wordadoptedbyonelanguagefromanother-loanword

wen2fa3

grammar

xi1fang1

theWest-theOccident

xia4ge4yue4

nextmonth

xue2hui4

tomasterbystudying(RV)-scholarlyorganization

yan2jiu

investigate-study-doresearchon-investigation-study

yan2jiusheng1

graduatestudent-studentinagraduateorresearchinstitute

yan2jiusuo3

researchinstitute-school

yi3lai2

since-duringthepast(occursattheendofthephrase-oftenpairedwithcong2’from’atthebeginningofaphrase)

yu3fa3

grammar

yu3wen2

language(andliterature)

yu3yan2

language-philology

yu3yan2xue2

linguistics

yu3yan2xue2jia1

linguisitcscientist-linguist

zhu3ren2

master-host

zhu3yin1

chiefreason

qian1ziwen2

ThousandCharacterClassic(abookof1000characters–eachoccuringonlyonce–usedasoneofthebasicbeginningtextbooksinpremodernChineseschools)

yuan3dong1xue2hui4

ui4FarEasternAssociation(predecessoroftheAssociationforAsianStudies–theleadingorganizationintheUnitedStatesofscholarsinterestedinAsia)

zhong1guo2yu3wen2

n2ChineseLanguage(leadinglinguisticjournalpublishedinthePeople’sRepublicofChina.AjournalwiththistitleisalsopublishedinTaiwan)

dong3

understand

hua4

draw-paint-drawing-painting

huo2

live-tobealive

jiao4

call-cry-shout-call(someonebysuchandsuchname)-summon-let-causetoask(someonetodosomething)-becalled

qing3

ask-invite-please(dosomething)

wen4

ask-inquire(refersspecificallytoquestions)

shei2

who?

xian4

appear-berevealed-now-thepresent

ming2

aname-famous(beforeanoun)

gu3

ancient-(asurname)

hao4

courtesyname-havethecourtesynameof…

zi4

courtesyname-havethecourtesynameof…

da4shui3

aflood

di4ming2

placename-address

dui4hua4

dialogue-conversation

gu3dian3

classical

gu3jin1

ancientandmodern

huar4

painting-drawing

hua4bao4

illustratedperiodical-pictorial(magazine)

hua4jia1

paintpictures-drawpictures-makeillustrations

hua4tu2

painter(anartist)

hui4hua4

makeachart(map/plan/etc.)

hui4suo3

office(ofanorganization)

jiao4che1

summonacar

jiao4men2

knockonthedoor

kan4dong3

(readand)understand(RV)

ming2ren2

famousperson-celebrity

ming2zi

name(ofathing)-givenname(ofaperson)

ming2zi

givenname(ofaperson)

shan1shui3hua4

landscape(painting)

qing3wen4

mayIask?-excuseme…

ren2ming2zi

nameofaperson

sheng1huo2

life-livelihood-live

tu2shu1

illustration-painting-chart-art(asaschoolsubject)

wai4hao4

nickname

wen4hao3

bestregardsto…-sayhelloto…-askafter…

wen4lu4

inquireabouttheway

xian4zai4

now-atpresent

xiao3ming2

childhoodname

xue2wen4

learning-erudition-scholarship-knowledge

xue2ming2

schoolname-namegivenafterstartingtostudy

yi3wai4

beyond-apartfrom-besides-exceptfor(usedafterphrase)

you3ming2

famous

zi4hua4

characterscroll

zhang1da4qian1

nameofawellknownChinesepainter

ren2min2hua4bao4

4ChinaPictoriallit.People’sPictorial

sheng1huo2hua4bao4

ao4Life(apictorialmagazinepublishedintheUnitedStates)

si1shu1

TheFourBooks(aChineseclassiccontaningthesayingsofConfuciusandotherearlyphilosophers)

wan4li3chang2cheng2

eng2[TenThousandMile]GreatWall

zao3

early-longago-longsince-morning(incompounds)

wan3

late-evening(incompounds)

nan2

difficult-hard

rong2

contain-accomodate-easy

yi4

easy

zai4

oncemore-again

zhi1

know

dao4

road-way-doctrine-principle

yuan2

source-origin-aplain-originally-actually

sheng3

province

zi3

seed-kernel

bu2hui4de

(that’s)notlikely

gao1yuan2

plateau

nan2guo4

difficulttopass-hardtogetthrough-sad-distressed

nan2kan4

ugly-hardtoread

nan2nian4

ugly-hardtoread

nan2shuo1

difficulttosay-hardtopredict

nian2hui4

annualmeeting

qian2hou4

beforeandafter-beforeorafter-firstandlast-alltogether-about

ri4yu3

Japaneselanguage

ri4zinan2guo4

(makinga)livingishard

rong2buxia4

can’thold-can’taccomodate

rong2yi4

easy

sheng3cheng2

provincialcapital

sheng3zhang3

provincialgovernor(usedbefore1949)

shi2bao4

Times(innamesofnewspapers)

tu3hua4

dialect-patois(morerestrictedinareathanfang1yan2)

wan3bao4

eveningnewspaper

wan3hui4

eveningmeeting-eveningparty

wan3shang4

evening

wei4le

for-because(of)-inorderto-forthesakeof

ying1yu3

Englishlanguage

yuan2lai2

originally-actually-indeed-asamatteroffact

yuan2yin1

reason

yuan2zi3

atom

yuan2zi3neng2

atomicenergy

zai4bu4ran2

otherwsie-inthatcase

zai4jian4

seeagain-goodbye

zao3shang4

morning-forenoon

zao3wan3

morningandevening-soonerorlater

zhi1dao4

know

zhong1xi1

ChinaandtheWest-SinoWestern

ke1

subject(inschool)-course(ofstudy)-curriculum-branchofmedicine

ke4

(measureforlessons)

kao3

examine-takeanexamination(foraschoolorinasubject)-examination

shi4

try-test

yi3

already

jing1

passthrough

biao3

awatch(timepiece)-table-list-meter(innamesofscientificinstruments)

chang2

regular-constant-often

fu1

man

xian4

county-district