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Geography > Deforestation In Kalimantan > Flashcards

Deforestation In Kalimantan Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the cause of deforestation in Kalimantan - increase in demand for agriculture about?

A
  1. The increased population intensified the scale of agricultural activities, which led to the increase in the demand for land for agricultural purposes.
  2. new settlers need land for agricultural use.
  3. Wet rice.
  4. Oil palm. As it is highly profitable and cheaper to grow.
  5. Companies will benefit from the sale of logs. This results a large area of deforestation.
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2
Q

What causes the deforestation in Kalimantan.

A
  1. Increase in demand of agricultural land use.
  2. Growth of settlements.
  3. Increase in transport network.
  4. Growth in industries.
  5. Forest fire.
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3
Q

What is the cause: growth of settlements about?

A
  1. people we moving from the rural areas to urban settlements in search of better job opportunities.
  2. to cope with the increasing population in cities, forests are cleared to expand the city.
  3. This growth and expansion of cities is known as urbanization.

Example: Balikpapan, the second largest city in Indonesia.

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4
Q

What is the cause: improved transport network about?

A
  1. Transport networks such as roads and railways are constructed to link settlements in Kalimantan.
  2. As the transport network and road is improved, heavy-duty machinery is available to reach the forests to do heavy logging.

Example: Trans-Kalimantan Highway cuts through rainforests to improve accessibility between the Banjarmasin and Balikpapan.

As transport a allowed to access to previously remote areas, it becomes easier for people to clear even more areas of rainforest.

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5
Q

What is the cause: growth in industries about?

A
  1. Logging industry has led to rapid deforestation.
  2. Deforestation is worsened by illegal logging.
  3. Minerals such as gold and copper are extracted from the forests through mining.
  4. Forest are cleared to expose the ground beneath.
  5. This creates a large hole in the ground while lots of loose soil are left exposed on the surface.
  6. The loose soil Is easy to be washed off to nearby river, affecting the quality of the water by increasing the sediment level.
  7. Some chemicals used to extract gold can lead to the poisoning of animals when they are washed into rivers and lakes.
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6
Q

What is the cause: forest fire about?

A
  1. Most of the fires are delibratively set off by people.
    For example: plantation companies find it cheaper to clear large areas of rainforests by burning instead employing laboure to clear them
  2. After burning,stumps and twigs of tress have been left n the forest floor, and can easily get fire again during the dry season.
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7
Q

What are the impacts of deforestation?

A
  1. loss in biomass
  2. loss of biodiversity
  3. changes in nutrient cycle
  4. changes in quantity of water
  5. changes in quality of water
  6. air pollution
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8
Q

What is the impact: loss of biomass about?

A

Earth’s biomass refers to the combined weight of all organisms which is measure in terms of kilocalories.

  1. The reduction of biomass reduces the ability of rainforests to support various plants and animals because the food chain is adversely affected.
  2. besides affecting the food chain, the reduction of biomass would also affect the amount of nutrient.
  3. This further reduces the rainforest’s ability to support various plant lives
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9
Q

What is the impact: loss of biodiversity about

A

The diverse range of plants animals is referred to as biodiversity.

  1. Due to deforestation, the biodiversity of plants and animals in the Kalimantan rainforest is reduced greatly.
  2. This led to the endangering of many plants and animals, bring them close to extinction.

For example, the population of the orangutans are declining as fast as 9-10% per year.

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10
Q

What is the impact: changes in nutrient cycle about?

A
  1. The removal of vegetation as a result of deforestation will lead to loss of leaf littler, which lead to a loss of leaf litter, which in turn will affect the nutrient cycle of the forest.
  2. With no roots to absorb water, the soil becomes saturated, resulting in soil leaching.
  3. the soil becomes infertile and can no long support vegetation growth.
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11
Q

What is the impact: changes in quantity of water about?

A
  1. When trees and plants are removed, less transpiration takes place.
  2. this reduces the cloud formation and results low rainfall.
  3. deforestation in Kalimantan which has a direct impact on the amount of rainfall received, have caused droughts of prolonged dry seasons.
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12
Q

What is the impact: Changes In quality of water about?

A
  1. In the areas that trees are cut down, no interception takes place.
  2. Rainwater will directly flows into the river and washes the loose soil into the river, increase the sediment level, making the river muddier.
  3. The increased sediment level also increases the acidity of the water.
  4. this adversely affects the aquatic life in the rivers.
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13
Q

What is the impact: sir pollution about?

A
  1. When the trees and plants are removed by burning, dust and smoke are released into the air, causing air pollution.
  2. Huge forest fires can cause dust and smoke to be suspended in the air for a long time, resulting in a haze.
  3. Haze brings about many health problems such as eye, nose and lung infections.
  4. Other negative economic and social impacts also follow it, such as the decline in tourism and the closing of schools.
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14
Q

What are the impacts of deforestation?

A
  1. loss in biomass
  2. loss of biodiversity
  3. changes in nutrient cycle
  4. changes in quantity of water
  5. changes in quality of water
  6. air pollution
How well did you know this?
1
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15
Q

What is the impact: loss of biomass about?

A

Earth’s biomass refers to the combined weight of all organisms which is measure in terms of kilocalories.

  1. The reduction of biomass reduces the ability of rainforests to support various plants and animals because the food chain is adversely affected.
  2. besides affecting the food chain, the reduction of biomass would also affect the amount of nutrient.
  3. This further reduces the rainforest’s ability to support various plant lives
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the impact: loss of biodiversity about

A

The diverse range of plants animals is referred to as biodiversity.

  1. Due to deforestation, the biodiversity of plants and animals in the Kalimantan rainforest is reduced greatly.
  2. This led to the endangering of many plants and animals, bring them close to extinction.

For example, the population of the orangutans are declining as fast as 9-10% per year.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the impact: changes in nutrient cycle about?

A
  1. The removal of vegetation as a result of deforestation will lead to loss of leaf littler, which lead to a loss of leaf litter, which in turn will affect the nutrient cycle of the forest.
  2. With no roots to absorb water, the soil becomes saturated, resulting in soil leaching.
  3. the soil becomes infertile and can no long support vegetation growth.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the impact: changes in quantity of water about?

A
  1. When trees and plants are removed, less transpiration takes place.
  2. this reduces the cloud formation and results low rainfall.
  3. deforestation in Kalimantan which has a direct impact on the amount of rainfall received, have caused droughts of prolonged dry seasons.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the impact: Changes In quality of water about?

A
  1. In the areas that trees are cut down, no interception takes place.
  2. Rainwater will directly flows into the river and washes the loose soil into the river, increase the sediment level, making the river muddier.
  3. The increased sediment level also increases the acidity of the water.
  4. this adversely affects the aquatic life in the rivers.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the impact: air pollution about?

A
  1. When the trees and plants are removed by burning, dust and smoke are released into the air, causing air pollution.
  2. Huge forest fires can cause dust and smoke to be suspended in the air for a long time, resulting in a haze.
  3. Haze brings about many health problems such as eye, nose and lung infections.
  4. Other negative economic and social impacts also follow it, such as the decline in tourism and the closing of schools.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the policies against deforestation?

A
  1. Afforestation and deforestation
  2. Controlled logging.
  3. Conservation
  4. controlling forest fires
How well did you know this?
1
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22
Q

What’s the success of afforestation and deforestation?

A
  1. Afforestation and reforestation restored a large area of forest.
  2. Teaks planted are commercially valuable and grows well in tropical rain-forests.
  3. Teak grows fast and takes about five years before it is suitable for logging.
How well did you know this?
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23
Q

What are the limitations of afforestation and reforestation?

A
  1. The rates at which the forests are replanted are slower than the rates at which they are cleared.
  2. The incentives given to the locals in replanting trees are not attractive enough.
  3. Since only teaks are planted, they cannot support the variety of flora and fauna of the original rainforests. Biodiversity is lost.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What we the successes of controlled logging?

A
  1. Selective logging enabled forests to regenerate.
  2. The reduction of overcrowding at canopy layer has enabled young trees to replace the logged trees.
  3. Soil erosion is minimized.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the limitations of controlled logging.

A
  1. It Is difficult to monitor and detect illegal logging activities due to the lack of manpower and remoteness of some forested areas.
  2. Selective logging may be as damaging as clear cutting because neighboring trees are closely packed together, with intertwined lianas and vines. Hence the removal of certain identified trees will cause neighboring trees and plant species to be pulled down or damaged.
  3. A significant variety of plant species could be damaged.
26
Q

What are the successes of conservation.

A
  1. The betung nature reserve is the largest nature reserve in west Kalimantan.
  2. The reserve is home to diverse range of animals and extends into Brunei and Malaysia.
27
Q

What are the limitations of conservation?

A
  1. Illegal logging activities can still go on undetected, due to the vastness of the nature reserve and the remoteness of the logging areas.
  2. The problem of monitoring and management of nature reserves is often compounded by the lack of manpower to check illegal logging in the large reserve.
28
Q

What are the successes of controlling forest fires?

A
  1. The government has introduced measures to monitor forest fires through an integrated forest fires protection.
  2. To educate the people on the impacts of forest fires, the government has conducted annual forest fire awareness campaigns to discourage the local people such as the villagers from using fire to clear forests for farmland.
29
Q

What are the limitations of controlling forest fires?

A
  1. Controlling has no been very effective as haze continues to occur annually in South Asia.
  2. Some plantation companies continue to burn the forete because it is the cheapest way to clear land.
  3. Many people are reluctant to stop the burning of forests as it is a cheap and fast method of clearing land for agriculture.
  4. the locals are still used to their traditional farming methods inherited from past generations.
30
Q

What are the impacts of deforestation?

A
  1. loss in biomass
  2. loss of biodiversity
  3. changes in nutrient cycle
  4. changes in quantity of water
  5. changes in quality of water
  6. air pollution
31
Q

What is the impact: loss of biomass about?

A

Earth’s biomass refers to the combined weight of all organisms which is measure in terms of kilocalories.

  1. The reduction of biomass reduces the ability of rainforests to support various plants and animals because the food chain is adversely affected.
  2. besides affecting the food chain, the reduction of biomass would also affect the amount of nutrient.
  3. This further reduces the rainforest’s ability to support various plant lives
32
Q

What is the impact: loss of biodiversity about

A

The diverse range of plants animals is referred to as biodiversity.

  1. Due to deforestation, the biodiversity of plants and animals in the Kalimantan rainforest is reduced greatly.
  2. This led to the endangering of many plants and animals, bring them close to extinction.

For example, the population of the orangutans are declining as fast as 9-10% per year.

33
Q

What is the impact: changes in nutrient cycle about?

A
  1. The removal of vegetation as a result of deforestation will lead to loss of leaf littler, which lead to a loss of leaf litter, which in turn will affect the nutrient cycle of the forest.
  2. With no roots to absorb water, the soil becomes saturated, resulting in soil leaching.
  3. the soil becomes infertile and can no long support vegetation growth.
34
Q

What is the impact: changes in quantity of water about?

A
  1. When trees and plants are removed, less transpiration takes place.
  2. this reduces the cloud formation and results low rainfall.
  3. deforestation in Kalimantan which has a direct impact on the amount of rainfall received, have caused droughts of prolonged dry seasons.
35
Q

What is the impact: Changes In quality of water about?

A
  1. In the areas that trees are cut down, no interception takes place.
  2. Rainwater will directly flows into the river and washes the loose soil into the river, increase the sediment level, making the river muddier.
  3. The increased sediment level also increases the acidity of the water.
  4. this adversely affects the aquatic life in the rivers.
36
Q

What is the impact: air pollution about?

A
  1. When the trees and plants are removed by burning, dust and smoke are released into the air, causing air pollution.
  2. Huge forest fires can cause dust and smoke to be suspended in the air for a long time, resulting in a haze.
  3. Haze brings about many health problems such as eye, nose and lung infections.
  4. Other negative economic and social impacts also follow it, such as the decline in tourism and the closing of schools.
37
Q

What are the policies against deforestation?

A
  1. Afforestation and deforestation
  2. Controlled logging.
  3. Conservation
  4. controlling forest fires
38
Q

What’s the success of afforestation and deforestation?

A
  1. Afforestation and reforestation restored a large area of forest.
  2. Teaks planted are commercially valuable and grows well in tropical rain-forests.
  3. Teak grows fast and takes about five years before it is suitable for logging.
39
Q

What are the limitations of afforestation and reforestation?

A
  1. The rates at which the forests are replanted are slower than the rates at which they are cleared.
  2. The incentives given to the locals in replanting trees are not attractive enough.
  3. Since only teaks are planted, they cannot support the variety of flora and fauna of the original rainforests. Biodiversity is lost.
40
Q

What we the successes of controlled logging?

A
  1. Selective logging enabled forests to regenerate.
  2. The reduction of overcrowding at canopy layer has enabled young trees to replace the logged trees.
  3. Soil erosion is minimized.
41
Q

What are the limitations of controlled logging.

A
  1. It Is difficult to monitor and detect illegal logging activities due to the lack of manpower and remoteness of some forested areas.
  2. Selective logging may be as damaging as clear cutting because neighboring trees are closely packed together, with intertwined lianas and vines. Hence the removal of certain identified trees will cause neighboring trees and plant species to be pulled down or damaged.
  3. A significant variety of plant species could be damaged.
42
Q

What are the successes of conservation.

A
  1. The betung nature reserve is the largest nature reserve in west Kalimantan.
  2. The reserve is home to diverse range of animals and extends into Brunei and Malaysia.
43
Q

What are the limitations of conservation?

A
  1. Illegal logging activities can still go on undetected, due to the vastness of the nature reserve and the remoteness of the logging areas.
  2. The problem of monitoring and management of nature reserves is often compounded by the lack of manpower to check illegal logging in the large reserve.
44
Q

What are the successes of controlling forest fires?

A
  1. The government has introduced measures to monitor forest fires through an integrated forest fires protection.
  2. To educate the people on the impacts of forest fires, the government has conducted annual forest fire awareness campaigns to discourage the local people such as the villagers from using fire to clear forests for farmland.
45
Q

What are the limitations of controlling forest fires?

A
  1. Controlling has no been very effective as haze continues to occur annually in South Asia.
  2. Some plantation companies continue to burn the forete because it is the cheapest way to clear land.
  3. Many people are reluctant to stop the burning of forests as it is a cheap and fast method of clearing land for agriculture.
  4. the locals are still used to their traditional farming methods inherited from past generations.
46
Q

What are the impacts of deforestation?

A
  1. loss in biomass
  2. loss of biodiversity
  3. changes in nutrient cycle
  4. changes in quantity of water
  5. changes in quality of water
  6. air pollution
47
Q

What is the impact: loss of biomass about?

A

Earth’s biomass refers to the combined weight of all organisms which is measure in terms of kilocalories.

  1. The reduction of biomass reduces the ability of rainforests to support various plants and animals because the food chain is adversely affected.
  2. besides affecting the food chain, the reduction of biomass would also affect the amount of nutrient.
  3. This further reduces the rainforest’s ability to support various plant lives
48
Q

What is the impact: loss of biodiversity about

A

The diverse range of plants animals is referred to as biodiversity.

  1. Due to deforestation, the biodiversity of plants and animals in the Kalimantan rainforest is reduced greatly.
  2. This led to the endangering of many plants and animals, bring them close to extinction.

For example, the population of the orangutans are declining as fast as 9-10% per year.

49
Q

What is the impact: changes in nutrient cycle about?

A
  1. The removal of vegetation as a result of deforestation will lead to loss of leaf littler, which lead to a loss of leaf litter, which in turn will affect the nutrient cycle of the forest.
  2. With no roots to absorb water, the soil becomes saturated, resulting in soil leaching.
  3. the soil becomes infertile and can no long support vegetation growth.
50
Q

What is the impact: changes in quantity of water about?

A
  1. When trees and plants are removed, less transpiration takes place.
  2. this reduces the cloud formation and results low rainfall.
  3. deforestation in Kalimantan which has a direct impact on the amount of rainfall received, have caused droughts of prolonged dry seasons.
51
Q

What is the impact: Changes In quality of water about?

A
  1. In the areas that trees are cut down, no interception takes place.
  2. Rainwater will directly flows into the river and washes the loose soil into the river, increase the sediment level, making the river muddier.
  3. The increased sediment level also increases the acidity of the water.
  4. this adversely affects the aquatic life in the rivers.
52
Q

What is the impact: air pollution about?

A
  1. When the trees and plants are removed by burning, dust and smoke are released into the air, causing air pollution.
  2. Huge forest fires can cause dust and smoke to be suspended in the air for a long time, resulting in a haze.
  3. Haze brings about many health problems such as eye, nose and lung infections.
  4. Other negative economic and social impacts also follow it, such as the decline in tourism and the closing of schools.
53
Q

What are the policies against deforestation?

A
  1. Afforestation and deforestation
  2. Controlled logging.
  3. Conservation
  4. controlling forest fires
54
Q

What’s the success of afforestation and deforestation?

A
  1. Afforestation and reforestation restored a large area of forest.
  2. Teaks planted are commercially valuable and grows well in tropical rain-forests.
  3. Teak grows fast and takes about five years before it is suitable for logging.
55
Q

What are the limitations of afforestation and reforestation?

A
  1. The rates at which the forests are replanted are slower than the rates at which they are cleared.
  2. The incentives given to the locals in replanting trees are not attractive enough.
  3. Since only teaks are planted, they cannot support the variety of flora and fauna of the original rainforests. Biodiversity is lost.
56
Q

What we the successes of controlled logging?

A
  1. Selective logging enabled forests to regenerate.
  2. The reduction of overcrowding at canopy layer has enabled young trees to replace the logged trees.
  3. Soil erosion is minimized.
57
Q

What are the limitations of controlled logging.

A
  1. It Is difficult to monitor and detect illegal logging activities due to the lack of manpower and remoteness of some forested areas.
  2. Selective logging may be as damaging as clear cutting because neighboring trees are closely packed together, with intertwined lianas and vines. Hence the removal of certain identified trees will cause neighboring trees and plant species to be pulled down or damaged.
  3. A significant variety of plant species could be damaged.
58
Q

What are the successes of conservation.

A
  1. The betung nature reserve is the largest nature reserve in west Kalimantan.
  2. The reserve is home to diverse range of animals and extends into Brunei and Malaysia.
59
Q

What are the limitations of conservation?

A
  1. Illegal logging activities can still go on undetected, due to the vastness of the nature reserve and the remoteness of the logging areas.
  2. The problem of monitoring and management of nature reserves is often compounded by the lack of manpower to check illegal logging in the large reserve.
60
Q

What are the successes of controlling forest fires?

A
  1. The government has introduced measures to monitor forest fires through an integrated forest fires protection.
  2. To educate the people on the impacts of forest fires, the government has conducted annual forest fire awareness campaigns to discourage the local people such as the villagers from using fire to clear forests for farmland.
61
Q

What are the limitations of controlling forest fires?

A
  1. Controlling has no been very effective as haze continues to occur annually in South Asia.
  2. Some plantation companies continue to burn the forete because it is the cheapest way to clear land.
  3. Many people are reluctant to stop the burning of forests as it is a cheap and fast method of clearing land for agriculture.
  4. the locals are still used to their traditional farming methods inherited from past generations.

Geography (6 decks)

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