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Physics and Engineering > Defintions and equations > Flashcards

Defintions and equations Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Displacement

A

Distance in a given direction

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2
Q

What is the equation for Displacement

A

s = v x t
displacement = velocity x time

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3
Q

Define velocity

A

The rate of change of displacement

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4
Q

What is the equation for Velocity

A

v = Δ s / Δ t
velocity = change in displacement / change in time

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5
Q

Define Acceleration

A

Rate of change of velocity

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6
Q

What is the equation for Acceleration

A

a = Δ v / Δ t
acceleration = change in velocity / change in time

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7
Q

Define Current

A

The rate of flow of Charge

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8
Q

What is the equation for Current

A

I = Δ Q / Δ t
current = change in charge / change in time

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9
Q

Define the Coulomb

A

1 Coulomb is the charge that crosses a section of circuit in 1 second when a current of 1 amp flows

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10
Q

Which direction does Conventional Current flow

A

From positive (+) to negative (-)

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11
Q

Which direction do electrons flow

A

From negative (-) to positive (+)

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12
Q

What is the equation for current in a material

A

I = nAve
current = free electron density x cross-sectional area x electron drift velocity x charge

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13
Q

Define Voltage

A

Voltage is the energy transferred per coulomb of charge (The number of joules transferred per coulomb of charge)

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14
Q

What is the equation for Voltage

A

V = W / Q
voltage = energy / charge

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15
Q

Define Resistance

A

The ratio of potential difference to current

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16
Q

What is the equation for Resistance

A

R = V / I
resistance = voltage / current

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17
Q

Define Ohm’s Law

A

Provided the temperature is consistent, the Voltage (V) across something is proportional to the Current (I) through it

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18
Q

Define “a negative temperature coefficient of resistance”.

A

This is when the resistance of a component decreases with temperature

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19
Q

Define “a positive temperature coefficient of resistance”.

A

When a component’s resistance increases with its temperature

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20
Q

What is the SUVAT equation that links v, u, a and t?

A

v = u + at

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21
Q

What is the SUVAT equation that links v, u, a and s?

A

v^2 = u^2 + 2as

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22
Q

What is the SUVAT equation that links s, u, t and a?

A

s = ut + (1/2)at^2

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23
Q

What is the SUVAT equation that links s, u, v and t?

A

s = (1/2)(u + v)t

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24
Q

When using SUVAT, what does each letter mean?

A

S - Displacement, m
U - Initial Velocity, ms^-1
V - Final Velocity, ms^-1
A - Acceleration, ms^-2
T - Time, s

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25
Q

What is the equation that links both graphing intercepts and the gradient?

A

y = mx + c
Y-Intercept = Gradient(x) + X-Intercept

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26
Q

Define Moment

A

The force multiplied by the perpendicular distance from line of action of force, to pivot point

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27
Q

What is the equation for Moment?

A

moment = force x perpendicular distance to pivot
moment = F x d

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28
Q

Define Torque

A

The rotational motion when two equal forces act in opposite directions

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29
Q

What is the equation for Torque?

A

torque of a couple = force x perpendicular distance between the forces
t = F x d

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30
Q

Define A Couple

A

The pair of equal, parallel forces which act in opposite directions to produce rotational motion only

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31
Q

Define Mass

A

The property of a body which resists change in velocity

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32
Q

Define Weight

A

The force that acts upon a mass due to a gravitational influence

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33
Q

What is the equation for Weight?

A

weight = mass x gravitational field strength
w = m x g

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34
Q

Define Equilibrium

A

When the resultant forces/moment acting on an object are 0 on all axis

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35
Q

Define 1 Newton

A

The force required to give a mass of 1kg an acceleration of 1ms^-2

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36
Q

What is the secondary equation for calculating the resistance of two objects in parallel?

A

R(t) = R(1) x R(2) / R(1) + R(2)

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37
Q

Define The Centre of Gravity

A

The point at which the weight of an object acts

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38
Q

Where is the centre of gravity on a uniform shape?

A

The centre of the object

39
Q

Define Coherent

A

Two or more waves with the same frequency and constant phase difference

40
Q

Define Unpolarised

A

Electromagnetic radiation that oscillates in multiple planes at once

41
Q

Define Polarised

A

Electromagnetic waves that only oscillate in a single direction

42
Q

Define Strain Energy

A

The energy inputted during Plastic Deformation

43
Q

What is the equation for Strain Energy

A

W = 1/2 x kx^2 = 1/2 x Fx
Energy = 1/2 x stiffness x extension^2 = 1/2 x force x extension

44
Q

Define Hooke’s Law

A

The force is proportional to the extension, up until the elastic limit is reached

45
Q

What is the equation for Hooke’s Law

A

F = kx
force = stiffness x extension

46
Q

What is the alternate equation for Strain Energy

A

W = 1/2 x Fx
Strain energy = 1/2 x Force x extension

47
Q

Define Ultimate Tensile Stress

A

The maximum stress that a material can withstand before failing

48
Q

What is the equation for Stress

A

σ = F/CSA
stress = force / cross sectional area

49
Q

What is the equation for Strain

A

ε = Δl/l
strain = extension / length

50
Q

Define Yield Stress

A

The maximum stress a material can withstand before it begins to plastically deform

51
Q

Define Stress

A

Force inputted to deform something

52
Q

Define Pressure

A

The amount of force per unit area

53
Q

What is the equation for Pressure

A

P = F / A
pressure = force / area

54
Q

Define Archimedes Principle

A

The size of the upthrust force is always equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object

55
Q

Define Upthrust

A

Upthrust is the force that opposes weight when an object is submerged

56
Q

What is the equation for Upthrust

A

U = Vgp
upthrust = volume displaced by object x acceleration from gravity x density of fluid

57
Q

Define Hydrostatic Pressure

A

Pressure due to a fluid acting on an object

58
Q

What is the equation for Hydrostatic Pressure

A

p = hgρ
hydrostatic pressure = height of column x acceleration due to gravity x density of fluid

59
Q

What is the Crossover Equation

A

p(1) x V(1) / T(1) = p(2) x V(2) / T(2)
pressure (1) x volume (1) / temperature (1) = pressure (2) x volume (2) / temperature (2)

60
Q

Define Viscosity

A

A fluids ability to resist shear forces

61
Q

What is the equation for Absolute Pressure

A

Absolute pressure = Gauge pressure + Atmospheric pressure

62
Q

Define Dynamic Viscosity

A

The ratio of shear stress to velocity gradient

63
Q

Define Kinematic Viscosity

A

The ratio of dynamic velocity to density

64
Q

What is the equation for Kinematic Viscosity

A

KV = DV / ρ
kinematic viscosity = dynamic viscosity / density

65
Q

Define Standard Error

A

The standard error of the mean is a measure of how accurate your calculated mean is likely to be

66
Q

What is the equation for Standard Error

A

Standard Error = σ / 2r
standard error = standard deviation / 2r

67
Q

Define Fluid Flow due to Pressure Difference

A

Fluid flows down a pressure gradient

68
Q

Define A simple machine

A

Anything that changes the magnitude or the line of action of a force

69
Q

What is the equation for Mechanical Advantage

A

MA = oT / iT = oF /iF
mechanical advantage = output teeth / input teeth = output force / input force

70
Q

What is the equation for Velocity Ratio

A

VR = iT / oT = oD / iS
velocity ratio = input teeth / output teeth = output rotational speed / input rotational speed

71
Q

Define Mechanical Advantage

A

The ratio of the output torque/force to the input torque/force

72
Q

Define Velocity Ratio

A

The ratio of rotational speed of the output gear to the rotational speed of the input gear

73
Q

What is the equation that links Mechanical Advantage and Velocity Ratio

A

MA = 1 / VR
mechanical advantage = 1 / velocity ratio

74
Q

What is the equation to combine Velocity Ratios

A

VR(x) = VR(1) x VR(2)
velocity ratio = velocity ratio (1) x velocity ratio (2)

75
Q

What is the arrangement for a Class 1 Lever

A

F(i) —— f —— F(o)

76
Q

What is the arrangement for a Class 2 Lever

A

F(i) —— F(o) —— f

77
Q

What is the arrangement for a Class 3 Lever

A

f —— F(i) —— F(o)

78
Q

What’s the rule for remembering the Classes of Lever

A

F | L | E
1 | 2 | 3

Fulcrum in the middle, Class 1
Lever in the middle, Class 2
Effort in the middle, Class 3

79
Q

Define Momentum

A

The product of Mass multiplied by Velocity

80
Q

What is the equation for Momentum

A

p = mv
momentum = mass x velocity

81
Q

What is the rule for Momentum?

A

Momentum in a collision is always conserved fully

82
Q

What is Work Done also known as

A

Energy, in Joules

83
Q

What is the equation for Work Done

A

W = Fs
work done = force x displacement

84
Q

What is the equation for Gravitational Potential Energy

A

gpe = mgΔh
gravitational potential energy = mass x 9.8 x change in height

85
Q

What is the equation for Kinetic Energy

A

Ek = 1/2 mv^2
kinetic energy = 1/2 x mass x velocity^2

86
Q

What is the definition for Power

A

The rate at which work is done

87
Q

What is the equation for Power

A

P = W/t = ΔE/t
power = work done / time = change in energy / time

88
Q

What is the equation for Momentum?

A

p = mv
momentum = mass x velocity

89
Q

What is the Basic Equation for Completing the square

A

x^2 + bx = (x + b/2)^2 - (b/2)^2

90
Q

What’s the Advanced Method to completing the square

A

ax^2 + bc + c -> a(x + m)^2 + n

where m = b/2a and n = c - b^2/4a

91
Q

What is the Equation for Frequency Density

A

frequency density = frequency / class width

92
Q

What is the Potential Dividers Eqution

A

Vout = Vin x R / Total
Voltage out = Voltage in x Resistance / Total resistance

93
Q

What is the equation for Drift Velocity

A

V = I / nAe
Velocity = Current / Charge carrier density x Cross sectional area x Charge on an electron

Physics and Engineering (8 decks)

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