Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PASS > Defintions > Flashcards

Defintions Flashcards

1
Q

Public health

A

The art and science of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting Heath through the organised efforts of society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The three domains of public health

A

Health improvement
Health protection
Healthcare public health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Health improvement

A

Preventing ill health and promoting wellbeing by commissioning and providing services that fit with the need of our population

E.g. sexual health
Drugs and alcohol
Quitting smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Health protection

A

Ensuring that the risks to health from communicable disease/environmental hazards are minimised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Healthcare public health

A

Making sure we have the right health services in place for the population and that these are effective and accessible to all those who need them

E.g prioritisation
Needs assessment
Service design

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Primary prevention

A

To prevent the onset of disease or injury by reducing exposure to risk factors

E.g immunisation
Posters/campaigns
Health related behaviours - smoking
Environmental factors e.g.asbestos
Precautions w/ communicable disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Secondary prevention

A

To detect and treat a disease or its risk factor at an early stage in order to prevent progression or potential future complications of the disease

E.g. screening for cancer
Monitoring and treating blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Tertiary prevention

A

To minimise the effects of established disease

E.g. surgery
Medication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Biomedical model

A

Disease is caused by pathogens, injury, physiological change or damage.

Individuals not to blame - causes out of their control

Treated through intervention - surgery, drugs

Medical team solely responsible for treatment

Pyschology (mood) as an effect of illness not a cause.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Biopysocosocial model

A

Disease is caused by biological, psychological and social factors

E.g pathogens, genetics, physiology
Behaviour, emotion
Socioeconomic status, housing, support

Health status is a consequence of a variety of factors including lifestyle

Treat physical illness + helping with housing, anxiety, loneliness

The medical team and patient responsible for treatment

Psychosocial factors are an effect but also a cause for illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Health inequalities

A

Uneven distribution of health or health resources as a result of genetic + other factors or the lack of resources

Unfair/avoidable differences in life expectancy, mortality, morbidity or disability between groups within the same country

Equality = sameness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Inequity

A

Unfair and avoidable differences arising from poor governance, corruption or cultural exclusion

Equity = fairness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Socio economic status measurement

A

Individual occupation

The area in which people live - index of multiple deprivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Health measurement

A

Life expectancy

Infant mortality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Black report

A

Explanations for health inequalities:

  • artefact
  • social selection
  • behavioural-cultural
  • materialist

+ psychosocial
+ income distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Artefact

A

Health inequalities are evident due to the way statistics are collected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Social selection

A

Direction of causation is from health to social position

Sick individuals move down social hierarchy, healthy individuals move up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Behavioural cultural

A

Ill health is due to peoples choices/decisions, knowledge and goals

E.g. people from disadvantaged backgrounds tend to engage in more health damaging behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Materialist

A

Inequalities in health arise from differential access to material resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Pyscosocial

A

Unequal distribution of the social determinants of health, such as education, housing and employment, drives inequalities in physical and mental health. There is also extensive evidence that ‘psychosocial’ factors, such as work stress, influence health and wellbeing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Income distribution

A

Relative, not average, income affects health

Countries with a greater income inequality have greater health inequalities

The most egalitarian societies, not the richest, that have the best health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Measuring access to healthcare

A

Based on UTILISATION which measures receipt of services

Difficult to interpret

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Lay beliefs

A

Constructed beliefs about health and illness by people with no medical knowledge

Draw upon cultural,social, personal knowledge and own biography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Health

A

State of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Negative health

A

Health equates to the absence of illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Functional health

A

Health is ability to do certain things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Positive health

A

Health is a state of wellbeing and fitness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Health behaviour

A

Activity undertaken for purpose of maintains health and preventing illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Illness behaviour

A

Activity of ill person to define illness and seek solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Illness iceberg

A

Most symptoms never get to a doctor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Sick role behaviour

A

Formal response to symptoms including seeking formal help and action of person as a patient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Lay referral

A

The chain of advice seeking contacts which the sick make with other lay people prior to or instead of seeking help from healthcare professionals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Early presenters

A

Experienced significant and rapid impact on functional ability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Delayers

A

Often developed explanations for symptoms that related to preceding activities

Recognition that this explanation was inadequate to explain symptom progressions prompts consultation

Perceptions of typical victim and typical symptoms are wrong - don’t recognise use variation and mildness of some symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Deniers

A

Don’t accept they have the illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Acceptors

A

Accept and take their treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Pragmatists

A

Accept illness but not in all circumstances i.e asthma not a long term illness therefore only use relief medication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Long term condition

A

Long term

Profound influence on lives of sufferers

Often co-morbid conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Illness narratives

A

Refer to the story telling and accounting practices that occur in the face of illness

Much sociological research on LTCs is based on this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Illness work

A

Diagnosis
Mangaging the symptoms
Self management

Coping and dealing with the physical manifestations of the illness. Body changes might lead to self conception changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Everyday life work

A

Coping - cognitive roles involved with dealing with illness

Strategy - actions and processes involved in managing the condition and its impact

Try to keep preillness lifestyle or redesignate your new life as ‘normal life’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Emotional work

A

The work people do to protect the emotional well being of others

Deliberately maintains normal activities

Withdraw from social terrain

Downplaying pain and presenting as cheery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Biographical work

A

Loss of self

Former self image crumbles away without simultaneous development of a new one

Interaction between body and identity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Identity work

A

Establishment and maintenance of an acceptable identity

Stigma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Discreditable

A

No illness can be seen but if found out, can affect patients even more due to the stigma of their condition

E.g. aids, mental illness

46
Q

Discredited

A

Physically visible characteristic or well known stigma that sets them apart

E.g physical disability, epilepsy

47
Q

Felt stigma

A

Fear of enacted stigma

Fear of discrimination and prejudice whilst also encompassing a feeling of shame

48
Q

Enacted stigma

A

The real experience of prejudice, discrmation and disadvantage as a consequence of a condition

49
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Environmental or emotional cues linked to a behaviour

50
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Behaviour is shaped by consequences

51
Q

Social learning

A

People can learn vicariously - from observation/modelling

52
Q

Theories linked to behaviour

A
  1. Learning theories
    • classical conditioning
    • operant conditioning
    • social learning
  2. Social cognition models
    • cognitive dissonance theory
    • health belief model
    • theory of planned behaviour
  3. COM-B model
53
Q

Cognitive dissonance theory

A

Discomfort when hold inconsistent beliefs or actions/events don’t match beliefs

Reduce discomfort by changing beliefs or behaviour

54
Q

Health belief model

A

Beliefs about health threat

Beliefs about health related behaviour

Cues to action

55
Q

Theory of planned behaviour

A

Attitude toward behaviour

Subjective norm

Percieved control

LEADS TO INTENTION but not necessarily action

56
Q

COM - B

A

Behaviour linked between:

Capability - physical and psychological

Motivation - reflective and automatic

Opportunity - physical and social

57
Q

Substance abuse

A

The harmful/hazardous use of psychoactive substances including alcohol and illicit drugs

58
Q

Dependence syndrome

A

Cluster of behavioural, cognitive and physiological phenomena that developed after repeated substance abuse

  • strong desire to take the drug
  • withdrawal state
  • higher priority than other symptoms
  • increased tolerance
  • difficulties in controlling its use
  • persisting even when knowing consequences
59
Q

Physical dependence

A

Experiencing symptoms associated with withdrawal

60
Q

Psychological dependence

A

Impaired control (addiction)

61
Q

Compliance

A

The extent to which the patient complies with medical advice

62
Q

Adherence

A

The extent to which a persons behaviour corresponds with agreed recommendations from a healthcare provider

E.g taking medication, following a diet, lifestyle change

More patient centred

63
Q

Concordance

A

The negotiation between the patient and doctor over treatment regimes, implies patient is active and in partnership with the doctor

64
Q

Unintentional non-adherence

A

Practical problems

E.g poor memory, difficulty administering treatment, inability to pay, poor comprehension of instructions

65
Q

Intentional non-adherence

A

Patients don’t want to adhere

Conscious decision not to follow treatment based on beliefs, attitudes and expectations

66
Q

Adherence model

A 
Patient factors
Psychosocial factors
Healthcare factors
Treatment factors
Illness factors
67
Q

Inclusion health

A

A service, research and policy agenda that aims to prevent and redress health and social inequalities among the most vulnerable and excluded

68
Q

Health promotion

A

The process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health

69
Q

Universal health promotion approaches

A

Aim to reduced risks across the whole population

E.g. sugar tax

70
Q

Targeted health promotion approaches

A

Aim to identify those most at risk and then tailor messages and approaches to that group/groups

E.g. breast feeding indicative in young mums

71
Q

Harm paradox

A

Population risk is affected but individual risk for many is not and this then affects percieved credibility

72
Q

Social policy

A

Local, national or international culture and policy

E.g. smoking ban in public places

73
Q

Fiscal approaches

A

Taxation or other approaches to discourage harming health behaviours

E.g. tax on cigarettes and alcohol

74
Q

Bans and restrictions

A

Reducing availability, using legal powers, restricting use in certain areas

E.g. making substances illicit, restricting sales of alcohol and cigarettes

75
Q

Obesity

A

An abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health

76
Q

Criteria for screening

A
  • condition
  • test
  • intervention
  • screening programme
  • implementation
77
Q

Lead time bias

A

Early diagnosis falsely appears to prolong survival

78
Q

Length time bias

A

Screening programmes between at picking up slow growing, unthreatening cases than aggressive, fast growing ones

79
Q

Selection bias

A

Studies of screening often skewed by ‘heathy volunteer’ effect- those who have regular screening are also likely to do other things to protect them from disease

80
Q

Sensitivity

A

The proportion of people with the disease who test positive

81
Q

Specificity

A

The proportion of people without the disease who test negative

82
Q

Positive predictive value

A

Probability that someone who has tested positive actually has the disease

83
Q

Negative predictive value

A

Probability that someone who test negative for the disease doesn’t actually have the disease

84
Q

Explicit rationing

A

The use of institutional procedures for the systematic allocation of resources within the healthcare system

Technical processes - assessments of efficacy and equity

85
Q

Implicit rationing

A

The allocation of resources through individual clinical decisions without the criteria for this decisions being explicit

86
Q

Scarcity

A

Need outstrips resources - prioritisation is inevitable

87
Q

Efficiency

A

Getting the most out of limited resources

88
Q

Equity

A

The extent to which distribution of resources is fair

89
Q

Effectiveness

A

The extent to which the intervention produces a desired outcome

90
Q

Utility

A

The value an individual places on a health state

91
Q

Opportunity cost

A

Once you have used a resource in one way, you no longer have it to use in another way

Measured in benefits foregone

92
Q

Technical efficiency

A

Most efficient way of meeting a need

E.g. antenatal care be community or hospital based

93
Q

Allocative efficiency

A

Choosing between the many needs that need to be met

E.g. fund hip replacements or neonatal care

94
Q

Economic evaluation

A

Compares inputs/resources and outputs/benefits of alternative interventions

  1. Cost minimisation analysis
  2. Cost effectiveness analysis
  3. Cost benefit analysis
  4. Cost utility analysis
95
Q

Patient reported outcomes

A

Any report of the status of a patients health condition that comes directly from the patient, without interpretation by a clinician or anyone else

96
Q

Patient reported outcome measures

A

The tools or instruments used to measure PROs - turn subjective experiences into numerical scores that can easily be utilised

97
Q

Quality of life

A

Multi-dimensional concept that includes domains related to physical,mental,emotional and social functioning

98
Q

Health related quality of life

A

The functional effect of an illness and its consequent therapy upon a patient, as perceived by a patient.

99
Q

Reliability

A

Is the instrument accurate over time and internally constant

100
Q

Validity

A

Does the instrument actually measure what is intended to measure

101
Q

Specific PROMs

A

Disease specific

Site specific

Dimension specific

102
Q

Reflective motivation

A

Self beliefs, attitudes and evaluations of exercise

103
Q

Automatic motivation

A

Fears and inhibition

104
Q

Implementation intentions

A

Simple plan in the form of ‘if X, then i will Y’

X = relevant situation 
Y = response
105
Q

Stigma

A

The identification or recognition of a negatively defined condition, attribute, trait or behaviour in a person or group of people.

106
Q

Features of Ottawa charter

A

Enabling people to increase control over and improve their health

Maximising social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities

Goes beyond healthy lifestyles to encompass well being more broadly

107
Q

Uptake

A

The proportion of those invited who take up the invitation to participate

108
Q

Coverage

A

The proportion of eligible population who have been screened within a given time period

109
Q

Limitations of parsons sick role behaviour theory

A
  1. Not all illness are temporary
  2. Does not acknowledge the difference between people
  3. Does not acknowledge individual agency in defining and coping with illnesses
110
Q

Screening

A

The presumptive identification of unrecognised disease or defective by conducting test, examinations or procedures

Rapidly sort out symptom free people who do and do not have the disease

PASS (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions