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Chemistry - Module 2 - Definitions > Definitons > Flashcards

Definitons Flashcards

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1
Q

Empirical formula

A

A formula which shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

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2
Q

Molecular formula

A

A formula which shows the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule

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3
Q

Molar gas volume

A

The volume of one mole of gas under specified conditions of temperature and pressure e.g. 24dm^3 at 20°C and one atmosphere pressure

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4
Q

Percentage yield

A

Actual yield
———————— x100
Theoretical yield

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5
Q

Atom economy

A

Mass of desires product (RFM)
———————————————
Total mass of products (RFM)

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6
Q

Homologous series

A

Compounds which have the same general formula, similar chemical properties, show a gradation in physical properties and successive members differ by a CH2 unit

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7
Q

Functional group

A

Reactive group within a compound

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8
Q

Structural isomers

A

Molecules that have the same molecular formula but a different structural formula

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9
Q

Geometric isomers

A

Molecules with the same structural formula, but different arrangement of atoms due to the presence of one or more C=C bonds

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10
Q

Saturated hydrocarbon

A

Contains no C=C or C=C bonds

-

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11
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

Contains carbon and hydrogen only

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12
Q

Substitution

A

Replacing one atom or group with a different atom or group

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13
Q

Homolytic fission

A

Bond breaking in which one of the shared electrons goes to each atom

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14
Q

Heterolytic fission

A

Bond breaking in which both electrons in the shared pair go to a single atom

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15
Q

Radical

A

A particular with an unpaired electron

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16
Q

Unsaturated hydrocarbon

A

Contains at least one C=C or C(triple bond)C

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17
Q

Sigma bond

A

A covalent bond formed by the linear overlap of atomic orbitals

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18
Q

Pi bond

A

A covalent bond formed with the sideways overlap of p orbitals

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19
Q

Bond length

A

The distance between the nuclei of two covalently bonded atoms

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20
Q

Hydrogenation

A

Addition of a hydrogen molecule across a C=C

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21
Q

Electrophile

A

An ion of molecule that attacks regions of high electron density

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22
Q

Primary carbocation

Secondary carbocation

Tertiary carbocation

A

A carbocation which has one carbon atom directly bonded to the positively charged carbon

A carbocation that has 2 carbons directly bonded to the positively charged carbon

A carbocation that has 3 carbons directly bonded to the positively charged carbon

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23
Q

Polymerisation

A

Joining together of many small molecules (monomers) to form a large molecule

24
Q

Monomers

A

Many small molecules which join together to form a polymer

25
Q

Polymer

A

A large molecule formed when monomers join together

26
Q

Primary halogenoalkane

Secondary halogenoalkane

Tertiary halogenoalkane

A

A halogenoalkane which has one/two/three carbons directly bonded to the carbon atom that is bonded to the halogen

27
Q

Reflux

A

Repeated boiling and condensing of a reaction mixture

28
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Breaking up molecules by reaction with water

29
Q

Nucleophile

A

An ion or molecule, with a lone pair of electrons, that attacks regions of low electron density

30
Q

Elimination

A

A reaction in which a small molecule is removed from a larger molecule

31
Q

Miscibility

A

Liquids which mix in all proportions i.e form a single layer

32
Q

Primary alcohol

Secondary alcohol

Tertiary alcohol

A

An alcohol which has one / two / three carbons directly bonded to the carbon atom that is bonded to the OH group

33
Q

Ground state

A

A molecular vibration which is in the lowest possible energy state

34
Q

Wave number

A

The reciprocal of the wavelength and it is measured in cm^-1

Wave number = 1
—————————
Wavelength(cm^3)

35
Q

Endothermic

A

A reaction in which the enthalpy of the products is greater than the enthalpy of the reactants

36
Q

Exothermic

A

A reaction in which the enthalpy of the products is less than the enthalpy of the reactants

37
Q

Standard conditions

A

298K and 100kPa

38
Q

Standard enthalpy change

A

Change in heat energy at constant pressure, measured at standard conditions

39
Q

Standard enthalpy of combustion

A

The enthalpy change when one mole of a substance is completely burnt in oxygen under standard conditions

40
Q

Standard enthalpy of formation

A

The enthalpy change when one mole of a compound is formed from its elements under standard conditions

41
Q

Standard enthalpy of neutralisation

A

The enthalpy change when one mole of water is produced in a neutralisation reaction under standard conditions

42
Q

Conservation of energy

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can change from one form to another

43
Q

Hess’s Law

A

The enthalpy change for a reactions is independent of the route taken, provided the initial and final conditions are the same

44
Q

Average bond enthalpy

A

The energy required to break one mole of a given bond averaged over many compounds

45
Q

Reaction rate

A

The change of the concentration of a reactant or product with respect to time

46
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance which increases the rate of a chemical reaction but does not get used up

47
Q

Activation energy

A

The minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to occur

48
Q

Reversible

A

A reaction which goes in both the forward and backwards direction

49
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

Rate of forward reaction is equal to the rate of the backwards reaction

50
Q

Equilibrium

A

A reversible reaction in which the amount of each reactant / product remains constant

51
Q

Homogenous

A

A reaction in which all the reactants and products are in the same physical state

52
Q

Heterogenous equalibria

A

A reaction in which all the reactants and products are not in the same physical state

53
Q

Kc

A

Look in definitions book

54
Q

Heterogenous catalyst

A

The catalyst is in a different phase from the reactants

55
Q

S-block elements

A

An element which has an atoms outer electron in an s - subshell

56
Q

Solubility

A

The maximum mass of solute that will dissolve 100g of solvent at a stated temperature

Chemistry - Module 2 - Definitions (1 decks)

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