Definitons Flashcards

(55 cards)

1
Q

Molar mass

A

Mass in grams of one mole of that substance

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2
Q

Solution

A

Homogeneous mixture of solute and solvent

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3
Q

Solute

A

Substance that is dissolved in the solution

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4
Q

Solvent

A

Substance in which another substance is dissolved, forming a solution

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5
Q

Concentration

A

Amount of solute per unit volume

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6
Q

Yield

A

A measure of the extent of a reaction, generally measured by comparing the amount of product against the amount of product that is possible

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7
Q

Intramolecular bonds

A

Bond occurring between atoms within molecules

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8
Q

Covalent bond

A

Sharing of at least 1 pair of electrons by two non-metals

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9
Q

Non-polar covalent

A

Equal sharing of electrons

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10
Q

Polar covalent

A

Unequal sharing of electrons leading to a dipole forming

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11
Q

Electronegativity

A

A measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons

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12
Q

Ionic bond

A

Transfer of electrons and subsequent electrostatic attraction

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13
Q

Metallic bonding

A

Between a positive kernel and a sea of delocalized electrons

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14
Q

Intermolecular force

A

Force of attraction between molecules, ions, or atoms of noble gases

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15
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Between polar molecules, in which hydrogen is bonded to a small atom of high electronegativity, with at least one pair of lone electrons

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16
Q

Heat of reaction

A

Net change of chemical potential energy of a system

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17
Q

Exothermic reaction

A

Reactions which transform chemical potential energy into thermal energy

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18
Q

Endothermic reaction

A

Reactions which transform thermal energy into chemical potential energy

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19
Q

Activation energy

A

The minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction

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20
Q

Activated complex

A

High energy, unstable, temporary transition state between the reactants and the products

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21
Q

Reaction rate

A

Change in concentration per unit time of either a reactant or a product

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22
Q

Catalyst

A

Substance that increases the rate of a reaction but remains unchanged at the end of the reaction

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23
Q

Closed system

A

One in which mass is conserved inside the system but energy but enter or leave the system freely

24
Q

Open system

A

One in which both energy and matter can be exchanged between the system and surroundings

25
Dynamic Chemical equilibrium
Referring to a reversible reaction in which the forward and the reverse reactions are taking place at the same rate, and hence the concentrations of reactants and products are constant
26
Le Châtelier’s Principle
When an external stress (change in temp, pressure, concentration) is applied to a system in dynamic chemical equilibrium, the equilibrium point will change in such a way as to counteract the stress
27
Acid
Proton donor
28
Base
Proton acceptor
29
Ionization
The reaction of a molecular substance with water to produce ions
30
Strong acid
An acid that ionizes completely in an aqueous solution
31
Weak acid
An acid that only ionizes partially in an aqueous solution
32
Dissociation
The splitting of an ionic compound into its ions
33
Strong base
A base that dissociates completely in an aqueous solution
34
Weak base
A base that only dissociates/ionizes partially in an aqueous solution
35
Concentrated acid/base
More moles of acid/base per unit volume
36
Dilute acid/base
Less amount of moles of acid/base per unit volume
37
Amphoteric substance
A substance that can act as either an acid or a base
38
Salt
Substance in which the hydrogen of an acid has been replaced by a cation
39
Hydrolysis of a salt
A reaction of an ion (from a salt) with water
40
Neutralization (equivalence point)
The point where an acid and a base have reacted so neither is an excess
41
Standard solution
Solution of known concentration
42
Redox reaction
A reaction involving the transfer of electrons
43
Oxidation
The loss of electrons
44
Reduction
Gain of electrons
45
Oxidizing agent
A substance that accepts electrons
46
Reducing agent
A substance that donates electrons
47
Anode
Electrode where oxidation takes place
48
Cathode
Electrode where reduction takes place
49
Electrolyte
A substance that can conduct electricity by forming free ions when molten or dissolved in a solution
50
Hydrocarbon
Compound containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms
51
Saturated compound
A compound in which all the bonds between carbon atoms are single bonds
52
Unsaturated compound
Compound in which there is at least one double/triple bond between carbon atoms
53
Functional group
An atom or a group of atoms that form the centre for chemical activity in a Molecule
54
Homologous series
A series of similar compounds which have the same functional group and have the same general formula, in which each member differs from the previous one by a single CH2 unit
55
Structural Isomer
Compounds having the same molecular formula but different structural formula