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Social Psychology and Individual difference > Definitions of key words and concepts > Flashcards

Definitions of key words and concepts Flashcards

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1
Q

Individual Differences

A

AKA - Differential psychology
Comparison of people’s thoughts, feelings, wants, needs and behaviours.
Asks the question - how and why to we differ?

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2
Q

Social Psychology

A

Looks at human social behaviour and asks - why do people behave in such a way? What is the nature of human behaviour and what caused it to be so?
Studies the ways in which people interact with and perceive others in social situations.
The main themes are:
1. How does one individual impact another?
2. How does the group impact it’s members?
3. How do the individual members impact the wider group?
4. How does one group impact another?
5. How does the social context impact both the group and the individual?

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3
Q

Four domains of executive functioning

A

Affect
Behaviour
Cognition
Desire

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4
Q

Affect

A

Feelings, emotions and moods

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5
Q

Behaviour

A

Motor actions and physiological processes

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6
Q

Cognition

A

Thoughts and beliefs

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7
Q

Desire

A

Motivation, drives and goals

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8
Q

Experimental social psychology

A

Individuo-centred and Psychological

Studies how social stimuli impacts the individual

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9
Q

Critical social psychology

A

Socio-centred and sociological

Studies the relationships between individuals and the groups they are part of

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10
Q

Biopscyhosocial model

A
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11
Q

Ecological perspectives

A

Individual: Self
Micro: Immediate environment
Macro: Culture and society

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12
Q

Systems theory

A

Theories which involve examining concepts using the integration of multiple parts.

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13
Q

Nomothetic

A

Looking for similarities in people - based on the assumption that there is a finite set of variables that can be used to describe personality.

  • Interested in breadth
  • Using deductive research (top down)
  • Objective
  • Looking for causal explanations
  • Uses statistics
  • Interested in general laws
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14
Q

Idiographic

A

Looking for differences in people.

  • Interested in depth
  • Using inductive research (bottom up)
  • Subjective
  • Looking for interpretive concepts
  • Studies individuals
  • Interested in uniqueness
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15
Q

Self

A

Who am I?
What does it mean to be a person?
A selection of organised thoughts we have about ourselves

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16
Q

Personality

A

Definitions are difficult.
AKA character or temperament.
Generally: the characteristics or qualities which are individual to a person.
Measured through observing behaviour.
Distinct from MOOD as it is thought to be made up of your stable characteristics.

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17
Q

Mood

A

Fluid.

Distinct from personality.

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18
Q

Trait-based intelligence theories

A

The idea that personality is made up of a selection of identifiable dimensions, or traits, which are stable across time and situations.
The theory is descriptive rather than explanatory - i.e. looking at what people’s personality is, rather than why it is that way.

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19
Q

Psychoanalytic intelligence theories

A
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20
Q

Consciousness

A

Key feature of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality.
Freud used hypnotherapy on his patients to try and unlock the unconscious and access their forgotten behaviours.

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21
Q

Social categorisation

A

A method we use to slot people we come across into categories and understand them.
There are four stages.
1. Characteristics: we notice someone and observe their characteristics in order to learn about them.
2. Description: we use these social cues to describe what kind of person we think they are.
3. Meaning: these descriptions mean something to us.
4. Consequence: we decide from this meaning whether we are safe in interacting with this person, among other things.
It is a survival mechanism and a time-saving strategy.
We are able to also locate ourselves among others, this is called self-differentiation.
When categorising ourselves we use our personal traits and our social ones.

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22
Q

Social identity

A

Our identity in relation to membership in a group.
Identified using intergroup comparison.
We ask - how am I the same as others?
We abandon some of our uniqueness and become a member of a group.

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23
Q

Personal identity

A

Our identity in relation to our personal traits and characteristics.
Identified using intragroup comparison.
We ask - how am I unique?
We experience ourselves as individuals.

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24
Q

Intelligence

A 
Difficult to define. Options:
- Cognition
- Common sense
Is it part of personality? 
Main area of disagreement - does it involve your ability, your skills or your knowledge.
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25
Q

Ability

A

A general capacity for learning and problem solving.
Can’t be taught - basic cognitive abilities.
Examined quantitatively (IQ testing for example).
Cross-situational - it doesn’t change across different situations.

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26
Q

Knowledge

A

Specific acquired and retained information.
Can be trained or taught - acquired intellect.
Examined qualitatively.
Domain specific - it does change across different situations.

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27
Q

Skills

A

Specific acquired and retained information.
Can be trained or taught - acquired intellect.
Examined qualitatively.
Domain specific - it does change across different situations.

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28
Q

Comprehension

A
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29
Q

Processing

A
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30
Q

Manipulation

A
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31
Q

Two approaches to intelligence models

A

Is it made up of Abilities or Knowledge and Skills?

32
Q

Biopsychosocial intelligence model

A

Intelligence is based on biological factors (such as genetics, heritability and brain size) and environmental factors (such as socioeconomic situation, birth order, nutrition, the pre-natal environment and the family environment) as well as the psychological.

33
Q

Four types of intelligence theories

A

Biological
Cognitive
Psychometric
Cognitive-contextual

34
Q

Psychometric intelligence theories

A
35
Q

Intelligence testing

A

A statistical construct - measuring intelligence with a test that results in a quantitative numerical score.

36
Q

Cognitive-contextual intelligence

A
37
Q

Social representation

A

A collective shared belief about something.
Allows us to familiarise the unfamiliar (anchoring) by taking the unknown and providing a known structure to describe it (objectification - turning the abstract into the concrete).

38
Q

Anchoring

A

Familiarising the unfamiliar.
There is discomfort in the unknown - we want to describe things in relation to concepts and things we want to understand.

39
Q

Objectification

A

The abstract into the concrete.

We want to create a structure for unexplained phenomena.

40
Q

Learning

A
41
Q

Socialization

A
42
Q

Behaviourism

A
43
Q

Radical behaviourism

A
44
Q

Classical conditioning

A
45
Q

Operant conditioning

A
46
Q

Schedules of reinforcement

A
47
Q

Behavioural therapy

A
48
Q

Flooding

A
49
Q

Systematic desensitization

A
50
Q

Aversion therapy

A
51
Q

Operant conditioning

A
52
Q

Selective positive reinforcement

A
53
Q

Extinction

A
54
Q

Direct action

A
55
Q

Observation

A
56
Q

Modelling

A
57
Q

Attentional process

A
58
Q

Retention process

A
59
Q

Motoric reproduction process

A
60
Q

Reinforcement and motivational process

A
61
Q

Self efficacy

A
62
Q

Outcome expectancies

A
63
Q

Outcome value

A
64
Q

Self regulation

A
65
Q

Categorisation

A
66
Q

Stereotyping

A
67
Q

Associative networks

A
68
Q

Schema

A
69
Q

Consistency controversy

A
70
Q

Social cognitive units

A
71
Q

Psychological situation

A
72
Q

Habits

A
73
Q

Drives

A
74
Q

Cues

A
75
Q

Responses

A
76
Q

Reinforcement

A

Social Psychology and Individual difference (4 decks)

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