Definitions of key words and concepts Flashcards

1
Q

Individual Differences

A

AKA - Differential psychology
Comparison of people’s thoughts, feelings, wants, needs and behaviours.
Asks the question - how and why to we differ?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Social Psychology

A

Looks at human social behaviour and asks - why do people behave in such a way? What is the nature of human behaviour and what caused it to be so?
Studies the ways in which people interact with and perceive others in social situations.
The main themes are:
1. How does one individual impact another?
2. How does the group impact it’s members?
3. How do the individual members impact the wider group?
4. How does one group impact another?
5. How does the social context impact both the group and the individual?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Four domains of executive functioning

A

Affect
Behaviour
Cognition
Desire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Affect

A

Feelings, emotions and moods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Behaviour

A

Motor actions and physiological processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cognition

A

Thoughts and beliefs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Desire

A

Motivation, drives and goals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Experimental social psychology

A

Individuo-centred and Psychological

Studies how social stimuli impacts the individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Critical social psychology

A

Socio-centred and sociological

Studies the relationships between individuals and the groups they are part of

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Biopscyhosocial model

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Ecological perspectives

A

Individual: Self
Micro: Immediate environment
Macro: Culture and society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Systems theory

A

Theories which involve examining concepts using the integration of multiple parts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Nomothetic

A

Looking for similarities in people - based on the assumption that there is a finite set of variables that can be used to describe personality.

  • Interested in breadth
  • Using deductive research (top down)
  • Objective
  • Looking for causal explanations
  • Uses statistics
  • Interested in general laws
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Idiographic

A

Looking for differences in people.

  • Interested in depth
  • Using inductive research (bottom up)
  • Subjective
  • Looking for interpretive concepts
  • Studies individuals
  • Interested in uniqueness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Self

A

Who am I?
What does it mean to be a person?
A selection of organised thoughts we have about ourselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Personality

A

Definitions are difficult.
AKA character or temperament.
Generally: the characteristics or qualities which are individual to a person.
Measured through observing behaviour.
Distinct from MOOD as it is thought to be made up of your stable characteristics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Mood

A

Fluid.

Distinct from personality.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Trait-based intelligence theories

A

The idea that personality is made up of a selection of identifiable dimensions, or traits, which are stable across time and situations.
The theory is descriptive rather than explanatory - i.e. looking at what people’s personality is, rather than why it is that way.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Psychoanalytic intelligence theories

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Consciousness

A

Key feature of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality.
Freud used hypnotherapy on his patients to try and unlock the unconscious and access their forgotten behaviours.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Social categorisation

A

A method we use to slot people we come across into categories and understand them.
There are four stages.
1. Characteristics: we notice someone and observe their characteristics in order to learn about them.
2. Description: we use these social cues to describe what kind of person we think they are.
3. Meaning: these descriptions mean something to us.
4. Consequence: we decide from this meaning whether we are safe in interacting with this person, among other things.
It is a survival mechanism and a time-saving strategy.
We are able to also locate ourselves among others, this is called self-differentiation.
When categorising ourselves we use our personal traits and our social ones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Social identity

A

Our identity in relation to membership in a group.
Identified using intergroup comparison.
We ask - how am I the same as others?
We abandon some of our uniqueness and become a member of a group.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Personal identity

A

Our identity in relation to our personal traits and characteristics.
Identified using intragroup comparison.
We ask - how am I unique?
We experience ourselves as individuals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Intelligence

A
Difficult to define. Options:
- Cognition
- Common sense
Is it part of personality? 
Main area of disagreement - does it involve your ability, your skills or your knowledge.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Ability

A

A general capacity for learning and problem solving.
Can’t be taught - basic cognitive abilities.
Examined quantitatively (IQ testing for example).
Cross-situational - it doesn’t change across different situations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Knowledge

A

Specific acquired and retained information.
Can be trained or taught - acquired intellect.
Examined qualitatively.
Domain specific - it does change across different situations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Skills

A

Specific acquired and retained information.
Can be trained or taught - acquired intellect.
Examined qualitatively.
Domain specific - it does change across different situations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Comprehension

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Processing

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Manipulation

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Two approaches to intelligence models

A

Is it made up of Abilities or Knowledge and Skills?

32
Q

Biopsychosocial intelligence model

A

Intelligence is based on biological factors (such as genetics, heritability and brain size) and environmental factors (such as socioeconomic situation, birth order, nutrition, the pre-natal environment and the family environment) as well as the psychological.

33
Q

Four types of intelligence theories

A

Biological
Cognitive
Psychometric
Cognitive-contextual

34
Q

Psychometric intelligence theories

35
Q

Intelligence testing

A

A statistical construct - measuring intelligence with a test that results in a quantitative numerical score.

36
Q

Cognitive-contextual intelligence

37
Q

Social representation

A

A collective shared belief about something.
Allows us to familiarise the unfamiliar (anchoring) by taking the unknown and providing a known structure to describe it (objectification - turning the abstract into the concrete).

38
Q

Anchoring

A

Familiarising the unfamiliar.
There is discomfort in the unknown - we want to describe things in relation to concepts and things we want to understand.

39
Q

Objectification

A

The abstract into the concrete.

We want to create a structure for unexplained phenomena.

40
Q

Learning

41
Q

Socialization

42
Q

Behaviourism

43
Q

Radical behaviourism

44
Q

Classical conditioning

45
Q

Operant conditioning

46
Q

Schedules of reinforcement

47
Q

Behavioural therapy

48
Q

Flooding

49
Q

Systematic desensitization

50
Q

Aversion therapy

51
Q

Operant conditioning

52
Q

Selective positive reinforcement

53
Q

Extinction

54
Q

Direct action

55
Q

Observation

56
Q

Modelling

57
Q

Attentional process

58
Q

Retention process

59
Q

Motoric reproduction process

60
Q

Reinforcement and motivational process

61
Q

Self efficacy

62
Q

Outcome expectancies

63
Q

Outcome value

64
Q

Self regulation

65
Q

Categorisation

66
Q

Stereotyping

67
Q

Associative networks

68
Q

Schema

69
Q

Consistency controversy

70
Q

Social cognitive units

71
Q

Psychological situation

72
Q

Habits

73
Q

Drives

75
Q

Responses

76
Q

Reinforcement