Definitions Of Devlopment Flashcards
Meaning of Development - Todaro
Development is not purely an economic phenomenon but rather a multi-dimensional process involving reorganization and reorientation of entire economic AND social system
•Development is process of improving the quality of all human lives with three equally important aspects.
Todaro’s Three Objectives of Development?
- Raising peoples’ living levels, i.e. incomes and consumption, levels of food, medical services, education through relevant growth processes
•2. Creating conditions conducive to the growth of peoples’ self-esteem through the establishment of social, political and economic systems and institutions which promote human dignity and respect
•3. Increasing peoples’ freedom to choose by enlarging the range of their choice variables, e.g. varieties of goods and services
Alternative Interpretations of Development (Mabogunje)? Development as Economic Growth, Development as Modernization, Development as Distributive Justice
Development as Economic Growth- too often commodity output as opposed to people is emphasized-measures of growth in GNP.
•Note here the persistence of a dual economy where the export sector contains small number of workers but draws technology as opposed to traditional sector where most people work and is dominated by inefficient technology
Development as Modernization- emphasizes process of social change which is required to produce economic advancement; examines changes in social, psychological and political processes;
•How to develop wealth oriented behavior and values in individuals; profit seeking rather than subsistence and self sufficiency
•Shift from commodity to human approach with investment in education and skill training
Development as Distributive Justice- view development as improving basic needs
• Interest in social justice which has raised three issues:
1.Nature of goods and services provided by governments
2. Matter of access of these public goods to different social classes
3. How burden of development can be shared among these classes
Marxist View of Development?
Emphasizes Mode of Production - elements and activities necessary to produce and reproduce real, material life.
•Capitalist (market economy) mode depends on wage labor whose labor power produces a surplus which is accumulated and appropriated by the employer-result is often class conflict in capitalist societies
Marxist View of Development?
Emphasizes Mode of Production - elements and activities necessary to produce and reproduce real, material life.
•Capitalist (market economy) mode depends on wage labor whose labor power produces a surplus which is accumulated and appropriated by the employer-result is often class conflict in capitalist societies
Neocolonial Dependence Model?
Outgrowth of Marxist thinking-Dos Santos
•Existence of underdevelopment due to historical evolution of an unequal international capitalist system of rich country-poor country relations.
•Sets up center (developed countries) versus periphery (developing countries) contrast.
•Attempts to become self-reliant and progressive are suppressed by this relationship.
Sustainable Development?
Is development that is likely to achieve lasting satisfaction of human needs and improvement of the quality of life and encompasses:
•Help for the very poorest who are left with no option but to destroy their environment to survive
•Idea of self-reliant development with natural resource constraints
•Cost effective development using different economic criteria to the traditional –i.e. development should not degrade environment
•Important issues of health control, appropriate technologies, food self-reliance, clean water and shelter for all
People centered activities are necessary- human beings are the resources in the concept
