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Biology unit 1 > Definitions-Molecules, Transport, and Health > Flashcards

Definitions-Molecules, Transport, and Health Flashcards

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1
Q

Accuracy

A

How close the data is to the correct or accepted value.

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2
Q

Causation

A

A relationship between two values or pieces of data where one influences the other.

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3
Q

Correlation

A

An observed relationship between two completely seperate values or pieces of data.

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4
Q

Precision

A

How close the repeated values of an experiment are to each other.

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5
Q

Qualitative data

A

Data in the form of non-numerical qualities and characteristics.

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6
Q

Quantitative data

A

Data in the form of measurable numbers and statistics.

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7
Q

Reliability

A

The ability to get consistent and repeatable results.

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8
Q

Validity

A

How well the data measures what it is supposed to.

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9
Q

Alpha glucose

A

An isomer of glucose which has the hydroxyl group (OH) on carbon-1 below the plane of the ring.

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10
Q

Amylopectin

A

A branched polysaccharide made up of alpha glucose monomers joined by a-1,6 glycosidic bonds that make up starch along with amylose.

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11
Q

Amylose

A

An unbranched polysaccharide made up of alpha glucose monomers joined by a-1,4 glycosidic bonds that make up starch along with amylopectin.

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12
Q

Beta glucose

A

An isomer of glucose which has the hydroxyl group (OH) on carbon-1 above the plane of the ring.

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13
Q

Condensation reaction

A

A type of reaction that joins two molecules together with the formation of a chemical bond involving the elimination of a molecule of water.

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14
Q

Dipole

A

A molecule which has an unequal distribution of electrons which causes atoms in the molecules to have partial charges.

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15
Q

Disaccharides

A

Molecules formed by the condensation of two monosaccharides.

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16
Q

Ester bond

A

A type of bond formed by a condensation reaction which joins the hydrogen (H) of each fatty acid tail to hydroxy (OH) of the glycerol molecule in a triglyceride.

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17
Q

Fatty acid

A

A chain of carbon atoms with the end carbon possessing a carboxyl group (COOH).

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18
Q

Fructose

A

A monosaccharide which, when combined with glucose, orms the disaccharide sucrose.

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19
Q

Galactose

A

A monosaccharide which, when combined with glucose, forms the disaccharide lactose.

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20
Q

Glucose

A

A monosaccharide with the molecular ormula C6H12O6.

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21
Q

Glycogen

A

A highly branched polysaccharide made of alpha glucose monomers that is used as the main storage of energy in humans and animals.

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22
Q

Glycosidic bonds

A

A bond between two monosaccharides formed in a condensation reaction.

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23
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Breaking a chemical bond between two molecules, involving the use of a water molecule.

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24
Q

Lactose

A

A disaccharide formed by condensation of a glucose molecule and a galactose molecule.

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25
Q

Maltose

A

A disaccharide made of two molecules of glucose joined by a glycosidic bond.

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26
Q

Monosaccharide

A

The individual sugar monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made.

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27
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Molecules formed by the condensation of many monosaccharides.

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28
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A

A type of fatty acid molecule containing only single bonds between the carbon atoms.

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29
Q

Saturated lipid

A

A lipid molecule containing only single bonds between the carbon atoms.

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30
Q

Solvent

A

A substance which solutes can dissolve into, to form a solution.

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31
Q

Starch

A

A polysaccharide made of alpha glucose monomers that is used as the main storage of energy in plants.

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32
Q

Triglyceride

A

A type of lipid formed from a molecule of glycerol joined by 3 ester bonds to three fatty acid molecules.

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33
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid

A

A type of fatty acid molecules containing at least one double bond in the carbon chain.

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34
Q

Unsaturated lipid

A

A lipid which contains at least one C=C double bond.

35
Q

Affinity

A

The tendency of one substance to bind with another substance.

36
Q

Aorta

A

The main artery that carries oxygenated blood away from teh heart to the rest of the body at a high pressure.

37
Q

Arteriole

A

A smaller type of blood vessel that connects arteries with capillaries.

38
Q

Artery

A

A type of blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood at high pressure away from the heart.

39
Q

Atrial systole

A

The phase in the cardiac cycle following diastole where the atria contract and forces the blood into the ventricles.

40
Q

Capillary

A

A very small blood vessel with thin walls and a small diameter (one endothelial cell thick) used for the substance exchange in tissues.

41
Q

Cardiac diastole

A

The phase in the cardiac cycle following ventricular systole where the atria and ventricles are both relaxed and blood flows into the atria.

42
Q

Circulation

A

A type of mass transport that overcomes the limitations of diffusion in meeting the requirements of organisms.

43
Q

Coronary artery

A

The main artery that supplies the heart tissue with oxygenated blood.

44
Q

Diffusion

A

The passive spreading out of substances from a high concentration to a lower concentration (down their concentration gradient) without the use of energy.

45
Q

Fetal haemoglobin

A

The higher affinity form of haemoglobin found in the blood of a developing fetus.

46
Q

Haemoglobin

A

The oxygen carrying conjugated protein found in erythrocytes which has a quaternary structure made of two alpha and two beta chains which each contain a haem prosthetic group.

47
Q

Left atrium

A

The chamber in the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein and passes it on to the left ventricle.

48
Q

Left ventricle

A

The chamber in the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it out of the heart to the rest of the body.

49
Q

Mass transport

A

The bulk transport of substances to all parts of an organism using mass flow.

50
Q

Oxygen affinity

A

The continuous relationship between haemoglobin oxygen saturation and oxygen tension.

51
Q

Oxygen dissociation curve

A

A graph that describes the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and the percentage saturation of haemoglobin in the blood.

52
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

The main artery that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs from to the lungs for reoxygenation.

53
Q

Pulmonary vein

A

The main vein that carries oxygenated blood away from the lungs and back to the heart.

54
Q

Right atrium

A

The chamber in the heart that receives deoxygenated blood directly from the vena cava and passes it on to the right ventricle.

55
Q

Right ventricle

A

The chamber in the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps it out of the heart to the lungs for reoxygenation.

56
Q

The Bohr effect

A

A decrease in the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen in areas with high carbon dioxide concentration.

57
Q

Vein

A

A type of blood vessel that carries blood at lower pressure into the heart from other parts of the body,

58
Q

Vena cava

A

The main vein that carries deoxygenated blood into the right atrium of the heart.

59
Q

Ventricular systole

A

The phase in the cardiac cycle following atrial systole where the ventricles contract and force the blood out of the heart and around the body.

60
Q

Venule

A

A smaller type of blood vessel that connects veins with capillaries.

61
Q

Anticoagulants

A

A class of anti-thrombotic drug that slows the normal process of blood clot formation and is used as a treatment for CVD.

62
Q

Anti hypertensives

A

A class of drug that is used as a treatment for high blood pressure (hypertension).

63
Q

Anti oxidants

A

Molecules that inhibit the oxidation o other molecules. Oxidation can lead to chain reactions that may damage cells.

64
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

A disease characterized by a buildup of plaque within arteries which narrows them and can lead to heart attacks and strokes.

65
Q

Blood clot

A

A gelatinous mass of fibrin and blood cells formed by the coagulation of blood.

66
Q

Body mass index (BMI)

A

A method of measuring a person’s weight with respect to their height to calculate whether they are of a healthy weight or not.

67
Q

Cardiovascular disease (CVD)

A

A term used to describe a group of diseases related to the heart and blood vessels.

68
Q

Cholesterol

A

An essential component of plasma membranes and myelin, the substance surrounding many nerve fibers. It is necessary for the formation of certain hormones and vitamin D.

69
Q

Coagulation

A

The process of blood turning into a gel and forming a clot, often in response to a broken blood vessel to prevent blood loss.

70
Q

Coronary heart disease

A

A condition in which the blood supply to the heart is blocked or interrupted by a build-up of fatty substances in the coronary arteries.

71
Q

Endothelial dysfunction

A

The failure of the endothelial layer (the inner lining) of the small arteries to perform its functions normally.

72
Q

Fibrin

A

An insoluble protein formed from fibrinogen under the action of the thrombin which is used to seal the wound during blood clotting.

73
Q

Fibrinogen

A

A soluble protein which is the precursor of insoluble fibrin, which is used to seal the wound during blood clotting.

74
Q

High-density lipoproteins (HDL)

A

A dense molecule made of protein and lipids that is used to remove cholesterol from tissues and transport it to the liver for excretion.

75
Q

Inflammatory response

A

A response triggered by the buildup of cholesterol and fatty acids, which involves white blood cells arriving at the site of endothelial damage.

76
Q

Low-density lipoproteins (LDL)

A

A lower density molecule made of proteins and lipids that is used to transport cholesterol around the body to different tissues, which can cause cholesterol buildup in blood vessels.

77
Q

Plaque

A

A substance containing fatty molecules, cholesterol, blood platelets, fibrin, calcium ions, and cellular debris. These attach to a roughened part of the lining of an artery.

78
Q

Platelet inhibitor

A

A class of anti thrombotic drug which makes platelets less likely to coagulate and is used as a treatment for CVD.

79
Q

Prothrombin

A

The inactive form of thrombin.

80
Q

Statins

A

A class of drug that is used to lower cholesterol levels in the blood.

81
Q

Thrombin

A

The active form of prothrombin, which converts soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin during the process of blood clotting.

82
Q

Thromboplastin

A

A clotting factor which converts prothrombin to thrombin durning the blood clotting process.

83
Q

Waist-to-hip ratio

A

A comparison of the size of a person’s waist to their circumference of their hips which can be used to determine a person’s health risk.

Biology unit 1 (4 decks)

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