Definitions from Pharmacology for Nurses (Adams) Flashcards
Pharmacology
Chapter 1.2
the study of medicines; the discipline pertaining to how drugs improve or maintain health
(Greek: pharmakon = “medicine” / logos = “study”)
Therapeutics
Chapter 1.3
the branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of disease and suffering
Pharmacotherapy
Chapter 1.3
the application of drugs for the purpose of treating diseases and alleviating human suffering; also called pharmacotherapeutics
Drug
Chapter 1.4
general term for any substance capable of producing biologic responses in the body
Medication
Chapter 1.4
drug after it has been administered
Biologics
Chapter 1.4
substances that produce biologic responses within the body; they are synthesized by cells of the human body, animal cells, or microorganisms
Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) therapies
Chapter 1.4
treatments that involve natural plant extracts, herbs, vitamins, minerals, dietary supplements, and additional techniques outside the realm of conventional therapeutics
Therapeutic Classification
Chapter 1.5
method for organizing drugs on the basis of their clinical usefulness in treating particular diseases or disorders
Pharmacologic Classification
Chapter 1.5
method for organizing drugs on the basis of their mechanism of action
Mechanism of Action
Chapter 1.5
the way in which a drug exerts its effects
Prototype drug
Chapter 1.5
well-understood model drug with which other drugs in a pharmacologic class may be compared
Chemical name
Chapter 1.6
strict chemical nomenclature used for naming drugs established by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)
Generic name
Chapter 1.6
non-proprietary name of a drug assigned by the government
Trade name
Chapter 1.6
proprietary name of a drug assigned by the manufacturer; also called the brand name or product name
Combination drug
Chapter 1.6
drug product with more than one active generic ingredient
Bioavailability
Chapter 1.8
ability of a drug to reach the bloodstream and its target tissues
Pharmacoeconomics
Chapter 1.9
issues dealing with the cost of medications
Fomulary
Chapter 2.1
list of drugs and drug recipes commonly used by pharmacists
Pharmacopoeia
Chapter 2.1
medical reference indicating standards of drug purity and strength, and directions for synthesis
Excipients
Chapter 2.1
inactive ingredients in drugs
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Chapter 2.2
agency that regulates prescription and over-the-counter drugs
Black box warnings
Chapter 2.2
notifications within a prescription drug’s package inserts provided by the FDA to call attention to an extreme adverse drug effects
FDA’s Critical Path Initiative
Chapter 2.3
effort by the FDA to modernize the sciences to enhance the use of bioinformation to improve the safety, effectiveness, and manufacturability of candidate medical products
Clinical investigation
Chapter 2.3
second stage of drug testing that involves clinical phase trials
Clinical phase trials
Chapter 2.3
testing of a new drug in selected patients
Investigational New Drug (IND)
Chapter 2.3
application to the FDA that contains all animal and cell testing data
New Drug Application (NDA) review
Chapter 2.3
the third phase of the drug approval process during which the drug’s trade name is finalized.
Postmarketing surveillance
Chapter 2.3
evaluation of a new drug after it has been approved and used in large numbers of patients
Dependence
Chapter 2.6
strong physiological or psychological need for a substance
Withdrawal
Chapter 2.6
physical signs of discomfort associated with the discontinuation of an abused substance
Scheduled drugs
Chapter 2.6
a term describing a drug placed into one of five categories based on its potential for misuse or abuse
Teratogenic risk
Chapter 2.6
potential risk of birth defects due to drug therapy
Adverse event (AE)
Chapter 3.1
any undesirable experience associated with the use of a medical product in a patient
Adverse effect
Chapter 3.1
unfavorable reaction to a drug
Side effect
Chapter 3.1
non-therapeutic reaction to a drug
Allergic reaction
Chapter 3.1
acquired hyperresponse of body defenses to a foreign substance (allergen)
Anaphylaxis
Chapter 3.1
acute allergic response to an antigen that results in severe hypotension and may lead to life-threatening shock if untreated
What are the 10 Rights of Medication Administration?
Chapter 3.2
Amount (aka Dose) Drug (aka Medication) Route Documentation Refusal Patient (aka Client) Assessment Time Education Evaluation
What are the 3 Checks of Drug Administration?
Chapter 3.2
Gathering
Preparing
Administering
Compliance
Chapter 3.3
taking a medication in the manner prescribed by the health care provider or, in the case of over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, following the instructions on the label
STAT order
Chapter 3.4
any medication that is needed immediately and is to be given only once
ASAP order
Chapter 3.4
(as soon as possible) order that should be available for administration to the patient within 30 minutes of the written order
Single order
Chapter 3.4
medication that is to be given only once and at a specific time such as a preoperative order
PRN order
Chapter 3.4
medication is administered as required by the patient’s condition
(Latin: pro re nata)
Routine orders
Chapter 3.4
orders not written as STAT, ASAP, NOW, or prn
Standing order
Chapter 3.4
order written in advance of a situation that is to be carried out under specific circumstances
Enteral route
Chapter 3.6
administration of drugs orally and through nasogastric or gastrostomy tubes
Enteric coated
Chapter 3.6
referring to tablets that have a hard, waxy coating designed to dissolve in the alkaline environment of the small intestine
Sustained-release (SR)
Chapter 3.6
tablets or capsules designed to dissolve slowly over an extended time
Sublingual route
Chapter 3.6
administration of medication by placing it under the tongue and allowing it to dissolve slowly
Buccal route
Chapter 3.6
administration of a tablet or capsule by placing it in the oral cavity between the gum and the cheek
Orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs)
Chapter 3.6
drug form that rapidly dissolves in the oral cavity
Astringent effect
Chapter 3.7
drops or spray used to shrink swollen mucous membranes or to loosen secretions and facilitate drainage
Parenteral route
Chapter 3.8
dispensation of medications via a needle into the skin layers
Intradermal (ID)
Chapter 3.8
medication administered into the dermis layer of the skin
Subcutaneous (sub cut)
Chapter 3.8
medication delivered beneath the skin
Intramuscular (IM)
Chapter 3.8
delivery of medication into specific muscles
What are the four common sites for intramuscular injections?
Chapter 3.8
Ventrogluteal site.
*The preferred site for IM injections.
Deltoid site.
Dorsogluteal site.
* The site is rarely used due to the potential for damage to the sciatic nerve.
Vastus lateralis site.
Intravenous (IV)
Chapter 3.8
administration of medications and fluids directly into the bloodstream
Pharmacokinetics
Chapter 4.1
study of how drugs are handled by the body
Greek: pharmaco = “medicine” / kinetic = “movement or motion”
Active transport
Chapter 4.2
This is movement of a chemical against a concentration or electrochemical gradient; cotransport involves the movement of two or more chemicals across the membrane.
Active transport requires expenditure of energy on the part of the cell.
Diffusion or passive transport
Chapter 4.2
This is movement of a chemical from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
This type of movement occurs without any energy expenditure on the part of the cell.
Absorption
Chapter 4.3
the process of moving a drug across body membranes
Dissolution
Chapter 4.3
dissolving of a tablet or capsule form of a drug
What factors can influence the absorption of medications?
Chapter 4.3
Drug formulation and dose. Liquid formulations of an oral drug are absorbed faster than tablets or capsules of the same drug.
Dose. A drug administered at a high dose is generally absorbed more quickly and has a more rapid onset of action than when given in a low concentration.
Route of administration. Drugs administered intravenously (IV) directly enter the bloodstream; thus, absorption to the tissues after the infusion is very rapid. Drugs administered by the oral, topical, intramuscular, and subcutaneous routes take longer to absorb.
Size of the drug molecule. Larger drug molecules take longer to be absorbed than small molecules.
Surface area of the absorptive site. The larger the surface area, the faster the drug will be absorbed.
Digestive motility. Changes in GI motility may either speed up or slow down absorption, depending on the drug and where it is absorbed.
Blood flow. Greater blood flow to the site of drug administration results in faster drug absorption.
Lipid solubility of the drug. Lipid soluble drugs are absorbed more quickly than water soluble drugs.
Distribution
Chapter 4.4
the process of transporting drugs through the body
Affinity
Chapter 4.4
chemical attraction that impels certain molecules to unite with others to form complexes
Drug-Protein complexes
Chapter 4.4
drug that has bound reversibly to a plasma protein, particularly albumin, that makes the drug unavailable for distribution to body tissues
Name the drug-drug interactions.
Chapter 4.4
Addition. The action of drugs taken together as a total
Synergism. The action of drugs resulting in a potentiated (more than total) effect
Antagonism. Drugs taken together with blocked or opposite effects
Displacement. When drugs are taken together, one drug may shift another drug at a nonspecific protein-binding site (e.g., plasma albumin), thereby altering the desired effect.
Blood-brain barrier
Chapter 4.4
anatomical structure that prevents certain substances from gaining access to the brain
Fetal-Placental barrier
Chapter 4.4
special anatomical structure that inhibits entry of many chemicals and drugs to the fetus
Metabolism
Chapter 4.5
total of all biochemical reactions in the body
Metabolism can also be called?
Chapter 4.5
Biotransformation
Conjugates
Chapter 4.5
side chains that, during metabolism, make drugs more water soluble and more easily excreted by the kidney
Hepatic microsomal enzyme system
Chapter 4.5
as it relates to pharmacotherapy, liver enzymes that inactivate drugs and accelerate their excretion; sometimes called the P-450 system
Prodrugs
Chapter 4.5
drugs that become more active after they are metabolized
Enzyme induction
Chapter 4.5
process in which a drug changes the function of the hepatic microsomal enzymes and increases metabolic activity in the liver
Pharmacogenomics
Chapter 4.5
study of genetic variations that influence an individual’s response to drug therapy
First-pass effect
Chapter 4.5
mechanism whereby drugs are absorbed across the intestinal wall and enter into the hepatic portal circulation
Excretion
Chapter 4.6
the process of removing substances from the body
What factors can affect excretion?
Chapter 4.6
Liver or kidney impairment Blood flow Degree of ionization of the drug Lipid solubility of the drug Drug–protein complexes Metabolic activity Acidity or alkalinity (pH) Respiratory, glandular, or biliary activity.
Enterohepatic recirculation
Chapter 4.6
recycling of drugs and other substances by the circulation of bile through the intestine and liver
Minimum effective concentration
Chapter 4.7
amount of drug required to produce a therapeutic effect
Toxic concentration
Chapter 4.7
level of drug that will result in serious adverse effects
Therapeutic range
Chapter 4.7
the dosage range or serum concentration that achieves the desired drug effects
Onset of drug action
Chapter 4.8
time it takes for a therapeutic effect of a drug to appear
Peak plasma level
Chapter 4.8
highest amount of drug in the bloodstream
Duration of drug action
Chapter 4.8
length of time that therapeutic drug actions last
Plasma half-life
Chapter 4.8
the length of time required for the plasma concentration of a drug to decrease by half after administration
Loading dose
Chapter 4.9
comparatively large dose given at the beginning of treatment to rapidly obtain the therapeutic effect of a drug
Maintenance dose
Chapter 4.9
dose that keeps the plasma drug concentration continuously in the therapeutic range
Pharmacodynamics
Chapter 5.1
study of how the body responds to drugs
Greek: pharmaco means “medicine” / dynamics means “change”
Frequency distribution curve
Chapter 5.1
graphic depiction of drug response in a population
Median effective dose (ED-50)
Chapter 5.1
dose required to produce a specific therapeutic response in 50% of a group of patients
Median lethal dose (LD-50)
Chapter 5.2
often determined in preclinical trials, the dose of drug that will be lethal in 50% of a group of animals
Therapeutic index
Chapter 5.2
the ratio of a drug’s LD-50 to its ED-50
Median toxicity dose (TD-50)
Chapter 5.2
dose that will produce a given toxicity in 50% of a group of patients
Graded dose response
Chapter 5.3
relationship between and measurement of the patient’s response obtained at different doses of a drug
Potency
Chapter 5.4
the strength of a drug at a specified concentration or dose
Efficacy
Chapter 5.4
the ability of a drug to produce a desired response
Receptor
Chapter 5.5
the structural component of a cell to which a drug binds in a dose-related manner to produce a response
Second messenger
Chapter 5.5
cascade of biochemical events that initiates a drug’s action by either stimulating or inhibiting the normal activity of the cell
Nonspecific cellular responses
Chapter 5.5
drug actions that are independent of cellular receptors and are not associated with other mechanisms, such as changing the permeability of cellular membranes, depressing membrane excitability, or altering the activity of cellular pumps
Agonist
Chapter 5.6
drug that is capable of binding with receptors to induce a cellular response
Antagonist
Chapter 5.6
drug that blocks the response of another drug
Idiosyncratic responses
Chapter 5.7
unpredictable and unexplained drug reaction
Pharmacogenetics
Chapter 5.7
area of pharmacology that examines the role of genetics in drug response
Pharmacogenomics
Chapter 5.7
study of genetic variations that influence an individual’s response to drug therapy
Nursing process
Chapter 6
method of problem solving that includes assessment, nursing diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation (ADPIE)
Assessment phase
Chapter 6.2
appraisal of a patient’s condition that involves gathering and interpreting data
Baseline data
Chapter 6.2
patient information that is gathered before pharmacotherapy is implemented
Subjective data
Chapter 6.2
information gathered regarding what a patient states or perceives
Objective data
Chapter 6.2
information gathered through physical assessment, laboratory tests, and other diagnostic sources
Health history
Chapter 6.2
past background regarding diseases and conditions of a patient
Nursing diagonsis
Chapter 6.3
clinical judgment of a patient’s actual or potential health problems that is within the nurse’s scope of practice to address
Planning phase
Chapter 6.4
part of the nursing process that prioritizes diagnoses, formulates desired outcomes, and selects nursing interventions
Goals
Chapter 6.4
focus on what the patient will be able to do or achieve
Outcomes
Chapter 6.4
specific criteria used to measure attainment of the selected goals
Implementation phase
Chapter 6.5
part of the nursing process when the nurse applies the knowledge, skills, and principles of nursing care to move the patient toward the desired goal and optimal wellness
Evaluation phase
Chapter 6.6
stage of the nursing process during which the health care provider determines whether the therapeutic effects of the drug were achieved and whether adverse effects were prevented or kept to acceptable levels
Medication error
Chapter 7.1
any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of the health care provider, patient, or consumer
Medication error index
Chapter 7.1
categorization of medication errors according to the extent of the harm an error can cause
Medication administration record (MAR)
Chapter 7.4
Documentation of all pharmacotherapies received by the patient
Sentinel event
Chapter 7.4
one that results in an unexpected, serious, or fatal physical or psychological injury following the administration (or lack of administration) of a medication
What can a nurse do in the Assessment phase to avoid medication errors and promote safe administration?
Chapter 7.5
Ask the patient about allergies to food or medications, current health concerns, and use of OTC medications and herbal supplements.
For all medications taken prior to assessment, ensure that the patient has been receiving the right dose, at the right time, and by the right route.
Assess kidney, liver, and other body system functions to determine if impairments are present that could affect pharmacotherapy.
What can a nurse do in the Planning phase to avoid medication errors and promote safe administration?
Chapter 7.5
Minimize factors that contribute to medication errors:
Avoid using abbreviations that can be misunderstood (see appendix A), question unclear orders, do not accept verbal orders, and follow specific facility policies and procedures related to medication administration.
Ask the patient to demonstrate an understanding of the goals of therapy.
What can a nurse do in the Implementation phase to avoid medication errors and promote safe administration?
Chapter 7.5
Eliminate potential distractions during medication administration that could result in an error. Excessive noise, unrelated activity, or talking to coworkers can distract the nurse’s attention and result in a medication error. In addition to following the rights of medication administration, keep the following steps in mind as well:
Positively verify the identity of each patient using two means (e.g., name and birth date) before administering the medication according to facility policy and procedures.
Use the correct procedures and techniques for all routes of administration. Use sterile materials and aseptic techniques when administering parenteral or eye medication.
Calculate medication doses correctly and measure liquid drugs carefully. When giving medications that have a narrow safety margin, ask a colleague or a pharmacist to check the calculations to make certain the dosage is correct. Double-check all pediatric calculations prior to administration.
Record the medication on the MAR immediately after administration.
Always confirm that the patient has swallowed an oral medication. Never leave the medication at the bedside unless there is a specific order that medications may be left there.
Be alert for long-acting oral dosage forms with indicators such as LA, XL, and XR. Instruct the patient not to crush, chew, or break the medication in half unless instructed to do so by the health care provider because doing so could cause an overdose.
Be alert for drugs whose names look alike and sound alike. When the names are written in a hurry or given over the phone, such drugs may be easily mistaken and cause a medication error.
What can a nurse do in the Evaluation phase to avoid medication errors and promote safe administration?
Chapter 7.5
Assess the patient for expected outcomes and determine if any adverse effects have occurred.
Polypharmacy
Chapter 7.6
the taking of multiple drugs concurrently
Medication reconciliation
Chapter 7.6
the process of keeping track of patients’ medications as their care proceeds from one health care provider to another
e-prescribing
Chapter 7.8
transmission of prescription-related information to a pharmacy or health care provider
Risk management
Chapter 7.8
system of reducing medication errors by modifying policies and procedures within the institution
Teratogen
Chapter 8.2
drug or other agent that causes developmental birth defects
Preimplantation period
Chapter 8.2
weeks 1–2 of the first trimester of pregnancy
Embryonic period
Chapter 8.2
time period from 3 to 8 weeks postconception
Fetal period
Chapter 8.2
time period from 9 to 40 weeks post-conception
Current FDA Pregnancy Category Rating
Risk Category A
Chapter 8.2 Table 8.1
Adequate, well-controlled studies in pregnant women have not shown an increased risk of fetal abnormalities to the fetus in any trimester of pregnancy.
Current FDA Pregnancy Category Rating
Risk Category B
Chapter 8.2 Table 8.1
Animal studies have revealed no evidence of harm to the fetus; however, there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women.
OR
Animal studies have shown an adverse effect, but adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women have failed to demonstrate risk to the fetus in any trimester.
Current FDA Pregnancy Category Rating
Risk Category C
Chapter 8.2 Table 8.1
Animal studies have shown an adverse effect and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women.
OR
No animal studies have been conducted and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women.
Current FDA Pregnancy Category Rating
Risk Category D
Chapter 8.2 Table 8.1
Adequate well-controlled or observational studies in pregnant women have demonstrated a risk to the fetus.
However, the benefits of therapy may outweigh the potential risk. For example, the drug may be acceptable if needed in a life-threatening situation or serious disease for which safer drugs cannot be used or are ineffective.
Current FDA Pregnancy Category Rating
Risk Category X
Chapter 8.2 Table 8.1
Adequate well-controlled or observational studies in animals or pregnant women have demonstrated positive evidence of fetal abnormalities or risks.
The use of the product is contraindicated in women who are or may become pregnant. There is no indication for use in pregnancy.
Infancy
Chapter 8.4
period from birth to 12 months of age
Toddlerhood
Chapter 8.5
term applied to children from 1 to 3 years of age
Preschool child
Chapter 8.5
child from 3 to 5 years of age
School-age child
Chapter 8.5
child from 6 to 12 years of age
Adolescence
Chapter 8.5
period from 13 to 16 years of age
Young adulthood
Chapter 8.5
term applied to persons from 18 to 40 years of age
Middle adulthood
Chapter 8.5
person from 40 to 65 years of age
Older adulthood
Chapter 8.5
person older than age 65
Holistic
Chapter 9.1
viewing a person as an integrated biologic, psychosocial, cultural, communicating whole, existing and functioning within the communal environment
Psychosocial
Chapter 9.2
factors that involve psychological and sociological aspects of patient care
Ethnicity
Chapter 9.3
referring to people having a common history and similar genetic heritage
Culture
Chapter 9.3
set of beliefs, values, religious rituals, and customs shared by a group of people
Cultural competence
Chapter 9.3
ability to communicate effectively with people of different cultures
Genetic polymorphism
Chapter 9.5
changes in enzyme structure and function due to mutation of the encoding gene
Herb
Chapter 10.2
plant with a soft stem that is used for healing or as a seasoning
Botanical
plant extract used to treat or prevent illness
Chapter 10.2
Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994
Chapter 10.4
primary law in the United States regulating herb and dietary supplements
Dietary supplements
Chapter 10.4
non-drug substances regulated by the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA)
Dietary Supplement and Nonprescription Drug Consumer Protection Act
Chapter 10.4
legislative act that provides rules for herbal products and dietary supplements
Specialty supplements
Chapter 10.6
non-herbal dietary products used to enhance a wide variety of body functions
Pandemic
Chapter 11.1
disease of epidemic proportion that spreads across human populations
Bioterrorism
Chapter 11.1
intentional use of infectious biologic agents, chemical substances, or radiation to cause widespread harm or illness
Strategic Nations Stockpile (SNS)
Chapter 11.3
program designed to ensure the immediate deployment of essential medical materials to a community in the event of a large-scale chemical or biologic attack
Vendor-managed inventory (VMI)
Chapter 11.3
supplies and pharmaceuticals that are shipped after a chemical or biologic threat has been identified
Anthrax
Chapter 11.4
microorganism that can cause severe disease and high mortality in humans
Vaccine
Chapter 11.4
biologic material that confers protection against infection; preparation of microorganism particles that is injected into a patient to stimulate the immune system with the intention of preventing disease
Nerve agents
Chapter 11.6
chemicals used in warfare or by bioterrorists that can affect the central nervous system and cause death
Ionizing radiation
Chapter 11.7
radiation that is highly penetrating and can cause serious biologic effects
Acute radiation syndrome
Chapter 11.7
life-threatening symptoms resulting from acute exposure to ionizing radiation, including nausea, vomiting, severe leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia, and alopecia
Basic supportive care
Chapter 11.8
the first treatment of poisoning that includes providing airway, breathing, and circulation
Syrup of ipecac
Chapter 11.8
drug therapy used to induce vomiting
Gastric lavage and aspiration
Chapter 11.8
removal of a poison from the stomach
Activated charcoal
Chapter 11.8
carbon-based drug used to absorb poisons
Whole-bowel irrigation
Chapter 11.8
removal of poisons from the bowel
Specific antidotes
Chapter 11.8
drug therapy specifically recommended for a poison or drug overdose
Central nervous system (CNS)
Chapter 12.1
division of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system
Chapter 12.1
division of the nervous system containing all nervous tissue outside the CNS including the autonomic nervous system
Somatic nervous system
Chapter 12.1
nerve division that provides voluntary control over skeletal muscle
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Chapter 12.1
portion of the peripheral nervous system that governs involuntary actions of the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
Chapter 12.2
portion of the autonomic system that is active during periods of stress and results in the fight-or-flight response
Fight-or-Flight response
Chapter 12.2
characteristic set of signs and symptoms produced when the sympathetic nervous system is activated
Parasympathetic nervous system (P-SNS)
Chapter 12.2
portion of the autonomic nervous system that is active during periods of rest and that results in the rest-or-relaxation response
Rest-and-Digest response
Chapter 12.2
signs and symptoms produced when the parasympathetic nervous system is activated
Synapse
Chapter 12.3
junction across which an action potential travels along the first neuron to a another neuron
Ganglionic synapse
Chapter 12.3
region where two neurons meet in a ganglion
Pre-ganglionic synapse
Chapter 12.3
neuron that creates an action potential and sends it to a post-ganglionic neuron
Post-ganglionic synapse
Chapter 12.3
neuron that receives an action potential from a pre-ganglionic neuron
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Chapter 12.3
primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system; also present at somatic neuromuscular junctions and at sympathetic pre-ganglionic nerves
Norepinephrine (NE)
Chapter 12.3
primary neurotransmitter in the sympathetic nervous system
Cholinergic
Chapter 12.4
relating to nerves that release acetylcholine
Nicotinic
Chapter 12.4
type of cholinergic receptor found in ganglia of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
Muscarinic
Chapter 12.4
type of cholinergic receptor found in smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
Acetylocholinesterase (AchE)
Chapter 12.4
enzyme that degrades acetylcholine within the synaptic cleft, enhancing effects of the neurotransmitter
Parasympathomimetics
Chapter 12.5
drug that mimics the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system
Anticholinergics
Chapter 12.5
drugs that block the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system
Myasthenia gravis
Chapter 12.6
motor disorder caused by a destruction of nicotinic receptors on skeletal muscles and characterized by profound muscular fatigue
Cholinergic crisis
Chapter 12.6
symptoms that occur when a patient is given too much cholinergic medication
Catecholamines
Chapter 13.1
class of agents secreted in response to stress that include epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine
Adrenergic
Chapter 13.1
relating to nerves that release norepinephrine or epinephrine
Monoamine oxidase (MAO)
Chapter 13.1
enzyme that destroys norepinephrine in the nerve terminal
Where are the Alpha 1 receptors located and what are the responses?
Chapter 13.1
Location: All sympathetic target organs except the heart
Response: Constriction of blood vessels, dilation of pupils
Where are the Alpha 2 receptors located and what are the responses?
Chapter 13.1
Location: Presynaptic adrenergic nerve terminals
Response: Inhibition of release of norepinephrine
Where are the Beta 1 receptors located and what are the responses?
Chapter 13.1
Location: Heart and kidneys
Response: Increased heart rate and force of contraction; release of renin
Where are the Beta 2 receptors located and what are the responses?
Chapter 13.1
Location: All sympathetic target organs except the heart
Response: Inhibition of smooth muscle
Sympathomimetic
Chapter 13.2
drug that stimulates or mimics the sympathetic nervous system
Adrenergic antagonists
Chapter 13.3
drug that blocks the actions of the sympathetic nervous system
Sympatholytic
Chapter 13.3
term referring to inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system; actions opposite of sympathomimetic functions in the body
Miosis
constriction of the pupil
Mydriasis
dilation of the pupil
Pharmacopoeia
Chapter 13.
medical reference indicating standards of drug purity and strength, and directions for synthesis
Beta receptor (β receptor)
Chapter 13.1
type of subreceptor found in the sympathetic nervous system
New Drug Application (NDA)
Chapter 2.3
the first phase of the drug approval process that must be submitted by the pharmaceutical company before a drug is allowed to proceed to the next (second) phase of the approval process
Alpha receptors (α receptors)
Chapter 13.1
type of subreceptors found in the sympathetic nervous system
Preclinical investigation
Chapter 2.3
procedure implemented after a drug has been licensed for public use, designed to provide information on use and on occurrence of side effects
Positive Chronotropic Action
Increased rate of the heart
Positive Inotropic Action
Increased strength or contractility of the heart
Positive Dromotropic Action
Increased conductivity of the heart
Negative Chronotropic Action
Decreased rate of the heart
Negative Inotropic Action
Decreased strength or contractility of the heart
Negative Dromotropic action
Decreased conductivity of the heart
