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biology > definitions for key words- all topics > Flashcards

definitions for key words- all topics Flashcards

1
Q

totipotent

A

stem cells that can differentiate into any cell type (embryonic stem cells)

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2
Q

pluripotent

A

stem cells that can form any tissue type but not whole organisms

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3
Q

multipotent

A

only form a range of cells within a certain type of tissue (adult stem cells)

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4
Q

pharming

A

animals that produce protein in their milk

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5
Q

biotechnology

A

the use of microorganisms to produce food, drugs and other products

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6
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Glycogen stored broken down into glucose

⬆️ blood glucose conc

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7
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Producing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources e.g lipids, amino acids

⬆️ blood glucose concentration

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8
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Glucose converted into glycogen

⬇️ blood glucose conc

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9
Q

Which cells only respond to glucagon

A

Liver and fat cells are the only cells that have glucagon receptors

Unlike insulin as most cells have insulin receptors

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10
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

B cells do not produce insulin
Autoimmune disease- developed during childhood

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11
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

Body cells do not respond to insulin or do not produce enough insulin

Risk increases due to environmental factors such as diet and exercise

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12
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Under conscious control
Voluntary
Impulses > body muscles

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14
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Subconscious control (automatic)
Involuntary
Receptors > glands and smooth/ cardiac muscles

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15
Q

Sympathetic motor system

A

Fight or flight response
Neurotransmitter= noradrenaline

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16
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Relaxing responses
Neurotransmitter = acetylcholine

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17
Q

Reflex arc

A

Receptor detects stimulus and creates an AP in sensory neurone ➡️ sensory neurone carries impulse to spinal cord ➡️ relay neurone connects sensory and motor neurone ➡️ motor neurone carries impulse to effector

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18
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Regulatory centres of autonomic ns
Controls reflex activities, heart rate and breathing rate

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19
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Autonomic nervous system
2 centres- sympathetic and parasympathetic
Regulatory centre for temperature and water balance

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20
Q

Cerebrum

A

Controls voluntary actions
Learning, memories, conscious thoughts

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21
Q

Cerebellum

A

Controls unconscious functions
Balance, posture

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22
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Stores and release hormones
Anterior (front) - FSH
Posterior (back)- ADH

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23
Q

Increasing heart rate by the autonomic system

A

Sympathetic nervous system increases frequency of impulses sent to SAN➡️ impulses transmitted by accelerator nerve

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24
Q

Decreasing heart rate by the autonomic nervous system

A

Impulses sent to medulla oblongata➡️Parasympathetic nervous system transmits impulses by vagus nerve ➡️ reaches SAN to decrease heart rate

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25
Q

What two receptors affect the control of heart rate?

A

Chemoreceptors: more CO2 = lower pH ➡️ increase heart rate
Baroreceptors: high pressure ➡️ heart rate needs to be lowered

26
Q

Oncotic pressure

A

The tendency for water to move into the blood by osmosis
-3.3 kPa

27
Q

Albumin

A

Plasma proteins that have osmotic effect- they give the blood capillaries a low water potential compared to surrounding fluid

28
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

Pressure generated by heart contraction
Arterial end (from the heart)= +4.6 kPa
Venous end (to the heart)= +2.3 kPa

29
Q

Which end of the capillary is tissue fluid formed?

A

Arterial end
Overall pressure= 1.3 kPa
Tissue fluid forced out of capillaries

30
Q

Magnification=

A

Size of image/ actual size of object

31
Q

Transmission electron microscopy

A
  • beam of electrons transmitted through a specimen to produce an image
  • resolving power: 0.5 nm
  • 2D
32
Q

Scanning electron microscope

A
  • beam of electrons sent across specimen and reflected electrons collected
  • resolving power= 3-10 nm
  • 3D images
33
Q

What are the differences between light and electron microscopes?

A

Light:
-Inexpensive
- vacuum not required
- natural colour of sample seen
- up to 2000x magnification
- resolving power= 200nm
- specimens can be living or dead

Electron:
- expensive
- complex sample preparation which can distort material
- vacuum required
- black and white images produced
- over 500,000x magnification
- resolving power between 0.5 and 10nm
- specimens dead

34
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Molecule that is attracted to water

35
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Molecule that is repelled by water

36
Q

Polar molecule

A

A molecule that has an unequal share of charges
Has a positive region and a negative region

37
Q

Why is water a polar molecule

A

Unequal distribution of charge
Causes an attraction between water molecules (H bonds)

38
Q

What is a non-polar molecule

A

Molecules that do not have electrical or partial charges

39
Q

How should you structure the answer to a long ‘evaluate’ question?

A

F- give reasons in favour using data
A- give reasons against using data
V- how valid is any method presented
- weigh up two sides- conclude

40
Q

saprophytes

A

feed on dead decaying matter

41
Q

vital capacity

A

volume of air that can be breathed in after the strongest possible exhalation is followed by the deepest possible intake of breath

42
Q

tidal volume

A

volume of air that moves into and out of the lungs with each resting breath.

43
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

maximum volume of air you can breathe in over and above a normal inhalation

44
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

extra amount of air you can force out your lungs above normal tidal volume of air you breathe out

45
Q

residual volume

A

volume of air that is left in your lungs when you have fully exhaled

46
Q

total lung capacity

A

sum of the vital capacity and the residual volume

47
Q

breathing rate

A

number of breaths taken per minute

48
Q

ventilation rate

A

total volume of air inhaled in one minute

49
Q

ventilation rate=

A

tidal volume x breathing rate (per minute)

50
Q

transpiration stream

A

movement of water through the xylem

51
Q

transpiration

A

loss of water vapor from the leaves/stomata

52
Q

equation for serial dilutions

A

(desired conc/conc of stock) x volume wanted

53
Q

Respiratory Quotient (RQ)=

A

CO2 produced/ O2 consumed

54
Q

species

A

group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring

55
Q

autrophic

A

photosynthetic

56
Q

heterotrophic

A

feed by decomposing dead or living organic materials

57
Q

recombination frequency=

A

number of recombinant offspring/ total number of offspring

58
Q
A
59
Q

monosaccharides that make up lactose=

A

galactose + glucose

60
Q

monosaccharides that make up sucrose=

A

fructose + glucose

61
Q

monosaccharide that makes up maltose=

A

glucose + glucose

62
Q

cardiac output=

A

stroke volume x heart rate

biology (2 decks)

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