definitions for key words- all topics

Question 1

totipotent

Answer 1

stem cells that can differentiate into any cell type (embryonic stem cells)

Question 2

pluripotent

Answer 2

stem cells that can form any tissue type but not whole organisms

Question 3

multipotent

Answer 3

only form a range of cells within a certain type of tissue (adult stem cells)

Question 4

pharming

Answer 4

animals that produce protein in their milk

Question 5

biotechnology

Answer 5

the use of microorganisms to produce food, drugs and other products

Question 6

Glycogenolysis

Answer 6

Glycogen stored broken down into glucose

⬆️ blood glucose conc

Question 7

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 7

Producing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources e.g lipids, amino acids

⬆️ blood glucose concentration

Question 8

Glycogenesis

Answer 8

Glucose converted into glycogen

⬇️ blood glucose conc

Question 9

Which cells only respond to glucagon

Answer 9

Liver and fat cells are the only cells that have glucagon receptors

Unlike insulin as most cells have insulin receptors

Question 10

Type 1 diabetes

Answer 10

B cells do not produce insulin
Autoimmune disease- developed during childhood

Question 11

Type 2 diabetes

Answer 11

Body cells do not respond to insulin or do not produce enough insulin

Risk increases due to environmental factors such as diet and exercise

Question 12

Central nervous system

Answer 12

Brain and spinal cord

Question 13

Somatic nervous system

Answer 13

Under conscious control
Voluntary
Impulses > body muscles

Question 14

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 14

Subconscious control (automatic)
Involuntary
Receptors > glands and smooth/ cardiac muscles

Question 15

Sympathetic motor system

Answer 15

Fight or flight response
Neurotransmitter= noradrenaline

Question 16

Parasympathetic

Answer 16

Relaxing responses
Neurotransmitter = acetylcholine

Question 17

Reflex arc

Answer 17

Receptor detects stimulus and creates an AP in sensory neurone ➡️ sensory neurone carries impulse to spinal cord ➡️ relay neurone connects sensory and motor neurone ➡️ motor neurone carries impulse to effector

Question 18

Medulla Oblongata

Answer 18

Regulatory centres of autonomic ns
Controls reflex activities, heart rate and breathing rate

Question 19

Hypothalamus

Answer 19

Autonomic nervous system
2 centres- sympathetic and parasympathetic
Regulatory centre for temperature and water balance

Question 20

Cerebrum

Answer 20

Controls voluntary actions
Learning, memories, conscious thoughts

Question 21

Cerebellum

Answer 21

Controls unconscious functions
Balance, posture

Question 22

Pituitary gland

Answer 22

Stores and release hormones
Anterior (front) - FSH
Posterior (back)- ADH

Question 23

Increasing heart rate by the autonomic system

Answer 23

Sympathetic nervous system increases frequency of impulses sent to SAN➡️ impulses transmitted by accelerator nerve

Question 24

Decreasing heart rate by the autonomic nervous system

Answer 24

Impulses sent to medulla oblongata➡️Parasympathetic nervous system transmits impulses by vagus nerve ➡️ reaches SAN to decrease heart rate

Question 25

What two receptors affect the control of heart rate?

Answer 25

Chemoreceptors: more CO2 = lower pH ➡️ increase heart rate Baroreceptors: high pressure ➡️ heart rate needs to be lowered

Question 26

Oncotic pressure

Answer 26

The tendency for water to move into the blood by osmosis -3.3 kPa

Question 27

Albumin

Answer 27

Plasma proteins that have osmotic effect- they give the blood capillaries a low water potential compared to surrounding fluid

Question 28

Hydrostatic pressure

Answer 28

Pressure generated by heart contraction Arterial end (from the heart)= +4.6 kPa Venous end (to the heart)= +2.3 kPa

Question 29

Which end of the capillary is tissue fluid formed?

Answer 29

Arterial end Overall pressure= 1.3 kPa Tissue fluid forced out of capillaries

Question 30

Magnification=

Answer 30

Size of image/ actual size of object

Question 31

Transmission electron microscopy

Answer 31

- beam of electrons transmitted through a specimen to produce an image - resolving power: 0.5 nm - 2D

Question 32

Scanning electron microscope

Answer 32

- beam of electrons sent across specimen and reflected electrons collected - resolving power= 3-10 nm - 3D images

Question 33

What are the differences between light and electron microscopes?

Answer 33

Light: -Inexpensive - vacuum not required - natural colour of sample seen - up to 2000x magnification - resolving power= 200nm - specimens can be living or dead Electron: - expensive - complex sample preparation which can distort material - vacuum required - black and white images produced - over 500,000x magnification - resolving power between 0.5 and 10nm - specimens dead

Question 34

Hydrophilic

Answer 34

Molecule that is attracted to water

Question 35

Hydrophobic

Answer 35

Molecule that is repelled by water

Question 36

Polar molecule

Answer 36

A molecule that has an unequal share of charges Has a positive region and a negative region

Question 37

Why is water a polar molecule

Answer 37

Unequal distribution of charge Causes an attraction between water molecules (H bonds)

Question 38

What is a non-polar molecule

Answer 38

Molecules that do not have electrical or partial charges

Question 39

How should you structure the answer to a long ‘evaluate’ question?

Answer 39

F- give reasons in favour using data A- give reasons against using data V- how valid is any method presented - weigh up two sides- conclude

Question 40

saprophytes

Answer 40

feed on dead decaying matter

Question 41

vital capacity

Answer 41

volume of air that can be breathed in after the strongest possible exhalation is followed by the deepest possible intake of breath

Question 42

tidal volume

Answer 42

volume of air that moves into and out of the lungs with each resting breath.

Question 43

inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 43

maximum volume of air you can breathe in over and above a normal inhalation

Question 44

expiratory reserve volume

Answer 44

extra amount of air you can force out your lungs above normal tidal volume of air you breathe out

Question 45

residual volume

Answer 45

volume of air that is left in your lungs when you have fully exhaled

Question 46

total lung capacity

Answer 46

sum of the vital capacity and the residual volume

Question 47

breathing rate

Answer 47

number of breaths taken per minute

Question 48

ventilation rate

Answer 48

total volume of air inhaled in one minute

Question 49

ventilation rate=

Answer 49

tidal volume x breathing rate (per minute)

Question 50

transpiration stream

Answer 50

movement of water through the xylem

Question 51

transpiration

Answer 51

loss of water vapor from the leaves/stomata

Question 52

equation for serial dilutions

Answer 52

(desired conc/conc of stock) x volume wanted

Question 53

Respiratory Quotient (RQ)=

Answer 53

CO2 produced/ O2 consumed

Question 54

species

Answer 54

group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring

Question 55

autrophic

Answer 55

photosynthetic

Question 56

heterotrophic

Answer 56

feed by decomposing dead or living organic materials

Question 57

recombination frequency=

Answer 57

number of recombinant offspring/ total number of offspring

Question 59

monosaccharides that make up lactose=

Answer 59

galactose + glucose

Question 60

monosaccharides that make up sucrose=

Answer 60

fructose + glucose

Question 61

monosaccharide that makes up maltose=

Answer 61

glucose + glucose

Question 62

cardiac output=

Answer 62

stroke volume x heart rate