definitions for key words- all topics Flashcards
totipotent
stem cells that can differentiate into any cell type (embryonic stem cells)
pluripotent
stem cells that can form any tissue type but not whole organisms
multipotent
only form a range of cells within a certain type of tissue (adult stem cells)
pharming
animals that produce protein in their milk
biotechnology
the use of microorganisms to produce food, drugs and other products
Glycogenolysis
Glycogen stored broken down into glucose
⬆️ blood glucose conc
Gluconeogenesis
Producing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources e.g lipids, amino acids
⬆️ blood glucose concentration
Glycogenesis
Glucose converted into glycogen
⬇️ blood glucose conc
Which cells only respond to glucagon
Liver and fat cells are the only cells that have glucagon receptors
Unlike insulin as most cells have insulin receptors
Type 1 diabetes
B cells do not produce insulin
Autoimmune disease- developed during childhood
Type 2 diabetes
Body cells do not respond to insulin or do not produce enough insulin
Risk increases due to environmental factors such as diet and exercise
Central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord
Somatic nervous system
Under conscious control
Voluntary
Impulses > body muscles
Autonomic nervous system
Subconscious control (automatic)
Involuntary
Receptors > glands and smooth/ cardiac muscles
Sympathetic motor system
Fight or flight response
Neurotransmitter= noradrenaline
Parasympathetic
Relaxing responses
Neurotransmitter = acetylcholine
Reflex arc
Receptor detects stimulus and creates an AP in sensory neurone ➡️ sensory neurone carries impulse to spinal cord ➡️ relay neurone connects sensory and motor neurone ➡️ motor neurone carries impulse to effector
Medulla Oblongata
Regulatory centres of autonomic ns
Controls reflex activities, heart rate and breathing rate
Hypothalamus
Autonomic nervous system
2 centres- sympathetic and parasympathetic
Regulatory centre for temperature and water balance
Cerebrum
Controls voluntary actions
Learning, memories, conscious thoughts
Cerebellum
Controls unconscious functions
Balance, posture
Pituitary gland
Stores and release hormones
Anterior (front) - FSH
Posterior (back)- ADH
Increasing heart rate by the autonomic system
Sympathetic nervous system increases frequency of impulses sent to SAN➡️ impulses transmitted by accelerator nerve
Decreasing heart rate by the autonomic nervous system
Impulses sent to medulla oblongata➡️Parasympathetic nervous system transmits impulses by vagus nerve ➡️ reaches SAN to decrease heart rate
What two receptors affect the control of heart rate?
Chemoreceptors: more CO2 = lower pH ➡️ increase heart rate
Baroreceptors: high pressure ➡️ heart rate needs to be lowered
Oncotic pressure
The tendency for water to move into the blood by osmosis
-3.3 kPa
Albumin
Plasma proteins that have osmotic effect- they give the blood capillaries a low water potential compared to surrounding fluid
Hydrostatic pressure
Pressure generated by heart contraction
Arterial end (from the heart)= +4.6 kPa
Venous end (to the heart)= +2.3 kPa
Which end of the capillary is tissue fluid formed?
Arterial end
Overall pressure= 1.3 kPa
Tissue fluid forced out of capillaries
Magnification=
Size of image/ actual size of object
Transmission electron microscopy
- beam of electrons transmitted through a specimen to produce an image
- resolving power: 0.5 nm
- 2D
Scanning electron microscope
- beam of electrons sent across specimen and reflected electrons collected
- resolving power= 3-10 nm
- 3D images
What are the differences between light and electron microscopes?
Light:
-Inexpensive
- vacuum not required
- natural colour of sample seen
- up to 2000x magnification
- resolving power= 200nm
- specimens can be living or dead
Electron:
- expensive
- complex sample preparation which can distort material
- vacuum required
- black and white images produced
- over 500,000x magnification
- resolving power between 0.5 and 10nm
- specimens dead
Hydrophilic
Molecule that is attracted to water
Hydrophobic
Molecule that is repelled by water
Polar molecule
A molecule that has an unequal share of charges
Has a positive region and a negative region
Why is water a polar molecule
Unequal distribution of charge
Causes an attraction between water molecules (H bonds)
What is a non-polar molecule
Molecules that do not have electrical or partial charges
How should you structure the answer to a long ‘evaluate’ question?
F- give reasons in favour using data
A- give reasons against using data
V- how valid is any method presented
- weigh up two sides- conclude
saprophytes
feed on dead decaying matter
vital capacity
volume of air that can be breathed in after the strongest possible exhalation is followed by the deepest possible intake of breath
tidal volume
volume of air that moves into and out of the lungs with each resting breath.
inspiratory reserve volume
maximum volume of air you can breathe in over and above a normal inhalation
expiratory reserve volume
extra amount of air you can force out your lungs above normal tidal volume of air you breathe out
residual volume
volume of air that is left in your lungs when you have fully exhaled
total lung capacity
sum of the vital capacity and the residual volume
breathing rate
number of breaths taken per minute
ventilation rate
total volume of air inhaled in one minute
ventilation rate=
tidal volume x breathing rate (per minute)
transpiration stream
movement of water through the xylem
transpiration
loss of water vapor from the leaves/stomata
equation for serial dilutions
(desired conc/conc of stock) x volume wanted
Respiratory Quotient (RQ)=
CO2 produced/ O2 consumed
species
group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring
autrophic
photosynthetic
heterotrophic
feed by decomposing dead or living organic materials
recombination frequency=
number of recombinant offspring/ total number of offspring
monosaccharides that make up lactose=
galactose + glucose
monosaccharides that make up sucrose=
fructose + glucose
monosaccharide that makes up maltose=
glucose + glucose
cardiac output=
stroke volume x heart rate
