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TxWes Spring '25: Anesthesia Pharm > Definitions Exam 1 > Flashcards

Definitions Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anesthesia definition

A

Lack of feeling or sensation

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2
Q

General anesthesia definition

A

Drug-Induced loss of consciousness

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3
Q

Regional anesthesia definition

A

Interrupted sensory nerve conduction resulting in loss of sensation

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4
Q

Spinal anesthesia location

A

Intrathecal space

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5
Q

Epidural anesthesia location

A

Outside of the dura

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6
Q

Minimal sedation characteristics

A

Responds to verbal
Unaffected airway/ventilation/CV

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7
Q

Moderate sedation characteristics

A

Responds to verbal or touch
Usually adequate airway/ventilation/CV

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8
Q

Deep sedation characteristics

A

Responsive to painful stimulation
May need assistance with airway/ventilation
CV usually maintained

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9
Q

Triad of anesthesia

A

Amnesia
Analgesia
Muscle relaxation

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10
Q

Balanced anesthesia adds ____ to the anesthesia triad

A

Homestasis

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11
Q

Phases of anesthesia administration (5)

A

Preoperative
Induction
Maintenance
Emergence
Postoperative

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12
Q

Stage 1 of anesthesia

A

Begin induction to loss of consciousness

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13
Q

What are the three planes of anesthesia during stage 1?

A

plane 1: no amnesia or analgesia
plane 2: amnesia and partial analgesia
plane 3: complete analgesia and amnesia

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14
Q

Stage 2 of anesthesia

A

-Loss of consciousness to onset of auto breathing
-can be bothered/unsettled
-move through quickly

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15
Q

Stage 2 anesthesia symptoms

A

eyelash reflex disappears
coughing, vomiting, struggling
irregular respirations, breath holding

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16
Q

Stage 3 of anesthesia

A

-Onset of auto breathing to respiratory paralysis

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17
Q

what are the 4 planes of anesthesia in stage 3?

A

Plane 1: automatic respiration to cessation of eyeball movements
Plane 2: cessation of eyeball movements, begin IC muscle paralysis, secretion of tears
Plane 3: moderate IC muscle paralysis, pupils dilate, NMBs ideal at this plane
Plane 4: complete IC muscle paralysis, apnea

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18
Q

Stage 4 of anesthesia

A

Stoppage of respiration till death

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19
Q

Tachyphylaxis definition

A

Tolerance

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20
Q

Common anesthesic solubility

A

Lipid soluble

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21
Q

Pharmacokinetics definition

A

What the body does to the drug (ADME)

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22
Q

Vessel rich groups

A

High cardiac output organs: heart, lungs, liver, kidney, brain

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23
Q

Vessel rich group CO%

A

75%

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24
Q

Muscle CO %

A

19%

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25
Q

Fat CO %

A

6%

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26
Q

Vessel poor CO %

A

0%

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27
Q

Protein binding effect on Vd

A

Higher protein binding = less free drug

28
Q

Common causes of decreased plasma proteins (5)

A

Age, Hepatic disease, Renal failure, Pregnancy, Malnutrition

29
Q

High volume of distribution

A

Highly distributed to tissues
Poor protein binding and lipophilic

30
Q

Small volume of distribution

A

Drug remains in plasma, poor distribution
Highly protein bound

31
Q

Metabolism process

A

Conversion from lipid soluble to water soluble for excretion

32
Q

Prodrug definition

A

Drug administered in inactive form and converted to active form

33
Q

Most common metabolism pathway

A

Hepatic Microsomal enzymes

34
Q

Most common hepatic Microsomal enzyme

A

CYP3A4: metabolizes more than 50% of drugs

35
Q

Phase I reactions

A

Oxidation, Reduction, Hydrolysis

36
Q

Phase II reaction

A

Conjugation, Conversion to water soluble compound for elimination

37
Q

Cause of dark red liver color

A

Hepatic Microsomal enzymes containing heme cofactor (iron)

38
Q

Enzyme inducer

A

Increases enzyme effect

39
Q

Enzyme inhibitor

A

Decreases enzyme effect

40
Q

Flow limited hepatic clearance definition

A

Flow to the liver limits the metabolic rate

41
Q

Capacity limited hepatic clearance definition

A

Liver’s ability to metabolize limits metabolic rate

42
Q

Elimination half-TIME definition

A

Time to eliminate 50% of drug from PLASMA

43
Q

Elimination half-LIFE definition

A

Time to eliminate 50% of drug from TISSUE

44
Q

Context sensitive half-time definition

A

Time for 50% decrease of drug after INFUSION discontinued

45
Q

Acids are ionized in ____ pH

A

Alkaline

46
Q

Bases are ionized in ____ pH

A

Acidic

47
Q

Non-ionized vs ionized drug crossing

A

Non-ionized cross lipid barriers

48
Q

Non-ionized solubility

A

Lipid soluble

49
Q

Ionized solubility

A

Water soluble

50
Q

Non-ionized pharmacologic effect

A

Active drug

51
Q

Ionized pharmacologic effect

A

Inactive drug

52
Q

Ionization calculations pk/pH

A

Weak Acids: pk After pH (acids after)
Weak Bases: pk Before pH (bases before)

53
Q

Ionization calculations negative numbers

A

Non-ionized

54
Q

Ion trapping explanation

A

Ionized drugs can be “trapped” such as in a fetus

55
Q

Ionization effects

A

Ionized drugs lose effectiveness

56
Q

Pharmacodynamics definition

A

What the drug does to the body

57
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

What the body does to the drug (ADME)

58
Q

Elderly effects on ADME

A

-Decreased CO = decreased blood flow to brain and liver
-decreased protein binding = more free drug
-increased body fat = more absorption of lipid soluble

59
Q

Potency definition

A

Less drug needed to produce effect = higher potency

60
Q

Efficacy definition

A

Drug produces higher effect = higher efficacy

61
Q

Effective dose definition

A

ED50: dose to produce effect in 50% population

62
Q

Lethal dose definition

A

LD50: dose to produce death in 50% population

63
Q

Therapeutic index definition

A

Ratio between LD50 and ED50
(wider TI = safer)

64
Q

Enantiomer definition

A

-Chemically identical
-mirror image
-may produce different effects

65
Q

Racemic mixture

A

Mixture of different isomers likely producing different effects

66
Q

Pharmacogenetics impact

A

Specific genes or genomes can influence responses to drugs and help predict effects

TxWes Spring '25: Anesthesia Pharm (8 decks)

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