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GI Liver > Definitions/Etiologies: > Flashcards

Definitions/Etiologies: Flashcards

1
Q

Sialadenitis Definition:

A
  1. Inflammation of salivary glands
  2. Etiology can be infectious/noninfectious
    - Infectious: viral (mumps), bacterial (S. Aureus),
    fungal
    - Non-infectious: Sjogren’s Syndrome, Sarcoidosis
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2
Q

Salivary Gland Tumors Majority:

A

Majority: Parotid Gland
Majority: Benign
Smaller Gland Tumors = ↑ Malignant Risk

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3
Q 
Salivary Gland Tumors
Pleomorphic Adenoma (Benign Mixed Tumor) Definition:
A
  1. Common salivary gland tumor that arises from
    mixture of ductal (epithelial) & mesenchymal (myoepithelial) elements
    - 2 germ layers = MIXED
  2. Multiple patterns may be seen = PLEOMORPHIC
  3. Unknown etiology
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4
Q

Salivary Gland Tumors
Papillary Cystadenoma Lymphomatosum
(Warthin’s Tumor)
Definition:

A

Benign neoplasm that arises almost exclusively from the parotid gland

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5
Q

Salivary Gland Tumors

Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma Definition:

A
  1. Mixture of squamous, mucus secreting & intermediate cells
  2. Typically an asymptomatic swelling
  3. May be seen with intraosseous tumors
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6
Q

GERD Definition:

A
  1. Chronic retrograde flow of gastric AND duodenal
    elements affecting esophagus and adjacent organs
    with or without tissue damage
    - Duodenal elements: activated enzymes + bile
    - Adjacent organs: vocal cords + respiratory airway
    - Tissue damage not required
  2. Common condition of multifactorial etiology
  3. Anatomic and functional contributions + acid
  4. Key complication: Barrett’s Esophagus –> Cancer
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7
Q

Barrett’s Esophagus ==> Adenocarcinoma

Definition:

A
  1. Metaplasia within esophageal squamous mucosa
  2. Complication of GERD
  3. Pre-malignant: ↑ risk for esophageal
    adenocarcinoma
  4. Barrett epithelium ~ adenocarcinoma
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8
Q

Achalasia

Definition:

A

Achalasia ~ “Doesn’t Relax”

  1. Incomplete LES Relaxation on Swallow
  2. Aperistalsis of Esophagus
  3. Effects ↓2/3 of Esophagus
    - ↑ 1/3 striated muscle affected by conditions like MG
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9
Q

Acute Erosive Gastritis

Definition:

A
  1. Inflammation of gastric mucosa
  2. Erosion = breach in mucosal epithelium
  3. Can progress to ulcer = breach in mucosal
    epithelium with extension into submucosa
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10
Q

Chronic Atrophic Gastritis

Definition:

A
  1. Chronic gastric mucosal inflammation

2. Can become pre-malignant for adenocarcinoma

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11
Q

Chronic Atrophic Gastritis Type A

A

Type A (Fundus, Body) = Autoimmune

  1. Pernicious Anemia
  2. Associated with other AI Dz (Hashimoto’s, Addisons)
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12
Q

Chronic Atrophic Gastritis Type B

A

Type B (Antrum) = H. Pylori D-Cell Destruction

  1. Common, ↑ w/Age
  2. H. Pylori: duodenal > gastric ulcers
  3. ↓ Incidence of Type B from H. Pylori eradication
  4. H. Pylori transmits person-person
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13
Q

Peptic Ulcer Disease

Definition:

A
  1. Ulcer: breach in mucosa extending into submucosa
  2. Most commonly a complication of chronic gastritis
  3. Proximal duodenum > stomach
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14
Q

Stress Ulcers Definition:

A

Focal & acute gastric mucosal defects

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15
Q

Esophagus Adenocarcinoma

Definition:

A
  1. Neoplasm of distal esophagus (think GERD)
  2. Truncal Obesity –> GERD –> Barrett’s –>
    Adenocarcinoma
  3. Rare: Scleroderma, ZE Syndrome
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16
Q

Esophagus Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Definition:

A
  1. Neoplasm of mid-esophagus
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17
Q

Gastric Polyps Three Types:

A
  1. Hyperplastic:
  2. Fundic Gland:
  3. Adenomatous:
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18
Q

Gastric Polyps Hyperplastic

Definition:

A

Hyperplastic: chronic inflammation leads to reactive

hyperplasia of cell + stroma –> elevated mass

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19
Q

Gastric Polyps Fundic Gland

Definition:

A

Fundic Gland: PPI use ( ↑ gastrin –> parietal cell

hyperplasia) + Familial Adenomatous Polyposis

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20
Q

Gastric Polyps Adenomatous

Definition:

A

Adenomatous: associated with atrophic gastritis

(found in antrum); precursor to gastric cancer

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21
Q

Gastric Adenocarcinoma

Etiology:

A

H. Pylori –> Chronic Gastritis –> Adenocarcinoma

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22
Q

Linitis Plastica

Definition:

A
  1. Diffuse type gastric cancer
  2. No discrete mass, difficult to diagnose
  3. Similar to gastric adenocarcinoma, but aggressive
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23
Q

Neoplastic Polyps Colonic Adenoma
Adenomatous Polyp
Definition:

A

Colonic adenoma is a benign intraepithelial
neoplastic polyp that is a precursor lesion for colorectal adenocarcinoma
• Size is most important factor for malignancy
• Malignant potential with ↑size & ↑ villous quality

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24
Q

Familial Adenomatous Polyposis

Definition:

A

AD disorder leading to colorectal polyps
• 100 polyps required for diagnosis, up to 1000
• Disease of ↑↑ number of polyps, not diseased polyp

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25
Q

Hereditary Non-Polyposis CRC

Definition:

A

HNPCC (Lynch Syndrome) is CRC that differs from normal sporadic cancers
• Associated with familial clustering of cancers
• Proximal colon lesions more common

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26
Q

Bowel Tumors Adenocarcinoma

Definition:

A

Adenoma -> Carcinoma via Accumulation of Genetic Mutations in Oncogenes + TSG (~10 years)

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27
Q

Lymphoma

Definition:

A

Extranodal marginal zone B-Cell lymphoma
~ Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALToma)
• More commonly in non-lymphoid tissue (outside
normal MALT tissue) = Stomach > SI

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28
Q

Acute Pancreatitis

Etiology:

A
  1. Gallstones
  2. Alcohol
  3. Hereditary Pancreatitis = Trypsinogen mutation
    - Trypsin inactivated by degrading Arg-Val
    - Mutation: Arg –> His = no degradation –> ↑activity
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29
Q

Chronic Pancreatitis

Etiology:

A
  1. Chronic Alcohol

2. Other: CF, Hereditary, Tropical, Autoimmune

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30
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

Etiology:

A

AR Disorder in Caucasian Kids

ΔF508 mutation (three BPs) –> misfolded CFTR

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31
Q

Cystic Disorders Benign

Etiology:

A

Benign = PSEUDOCYST

Most commonly caused by Chronic Pancreatitis

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32
Q

Cystic Disorders Malignant

Etiology:

A
  1. Neoplastic Serous = ↓ Malignant potential
  2. Neoplastic Mucinous = ↑ Malignant potential
    - intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (midage female)
    - Solid Pseudopapllary Neoplasm (med-school age female)
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33
Q

Pancreatic Cancer

Etiology:

A

Based on Risk Factors

  1. Alcohol in chronic pancreatitis
  2. Cigarettes
  3. Hereditary / +Family History
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34
Q

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

Definition:

A

Chronic disease from inappropriate mucosal
immune activation
Etiology: Idiopathic
Both result from defect in host interactions with
microbiome, intestinal epithelial dysfunction & overwhelming mucosal immunity

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35
Q

Crohn Disease

Definition:

A

Chronic disease form abnormal immune response

most likely TH1 Mediated

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36
Q

Ulcerative Colitis

Definition:

A

Chronic disease form abnormal immune response

most likely AI

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37
Q

Ischemic Colitis

Etiology:

A 
~ Acute Cause is RARE
• Non-occlusive: hypotension, cardiac failure, sepsis
• Occlusive: Thrombosis of SMA/IMA
• Diffuse Disease: Diabetes + Vasculitis
• Congenital: Necrotizing Enterocolitis
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38
Q

Acute Mesenteric Colitis

Etiology:

A

~ Acute Cause is TYPICAL
• Non-occlusive: hypotension, cardiac failure, sepsis, cocaine
• Occlusive: Thrombosis, aortic dissection, neoplasm, vasculitis

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39
Q

Chronic Ischemia

Etiology:

A
  • Underlying atherosclerotic vascular disease

* 2-3 splanchnic arteries are severely occluded

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40
Q

Venous Mesenteric Ischemia

Etiology:

A
  • Hypercoaguable states
  • Portal Hypertension
  • Pancreatitis, blunt trauma, malignancy
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41
Q

Acute Upper GI Bleeding

Etiology:

A

Acute Upper GI Bleeding = ↑ Ligament of Treitz
Etiology: Gastric + Duodenal Ulcers***
• Esophageal Varicies / Tear
• Tumor (Gastric Carcinoma)

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42
Q

Lower GI Bleeding

Etiology:

A

Lower GI Bleeding = ↓ Ligament of Treitz
Etiology: Diverticula***
• Acute: Diverticulosis + Angiodysplasia
• Chronic: Hemorrhoids + Colon Cancer

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43
Q

Malabsorption Intraluminal Stage

Causes:

A

Two Causes of Malnutrition Intraluminally:
1. Lipase Insufficiency
2. Solubilization of Bile Salts
• ↓ Bile salts = ↓ emulsify fat = ↓ fat absorption
• ↑ Deconjugation = ↑ Deoxycholate
• Also see ↑ Bile conjugated with glycine vs. taurine
• Overall ↓ bile salt pool size

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44
Q

Malabsorption Intestinal Stage

Causes:

A 
Causes of Malabsorption in Intestine
• ***Gluten Sensitive Enteropathy (GSE)
• ***Disaccharidase Insufficiency (Lactose)
• Giardia (non-invasive monkey face looking bug)
• Ascaris: round worms
• Stasis Syndrome
Other Causes:
• Whipple’s Disease
• Intestinal Ischemia
• Radiation Enteritis
• Tropical Sprue
• Genetic Disorders (Cysteinuria, Anderson’s, Abeta)
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45
Q

Malabsorption Lymphatic Transport Stage

Causes:

A

Lymphatic Duct Obstruction

  1. Lymphoma
  2. Whipple’s Disease
  3. Intestinal Lymphangectasia
  4. TB
  5. Carcinoid
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46
Q

Definition of Diarrhea: Clinical vs. Physiologic

A
  • Clinical Definitions (Symptoms): ↑ Frequency, volume, or urgency to defecate +/- ΔConsistency
  • Physiologic Definition: >200 gm stool output/day
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47
Q

Osmotic Diarrhea

Definition:

A

Osmotic Diarrhea = ↓ Absorption
• Ingestion of unabsorbable solute –> fluid into lumen
• GAS = OSMOTIC DIARRHEA

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48
Q

Secretory Diarrhea

Definition:

A

Secretory Diarrhea = ↑ Secretion (Cl-)
• Active secretion of electrolytes/fluid into lumen
• Excessive Cl- Secretion into Gut

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49
Q

Osmotic vs. Secretory Diarrhea

A
  1. Volume: ↓ osmotic vs. ↑ secretory
  2. Fasting: osmotic resolves with fasting
  3. Flatulence: ↑ flatulence with osmotic
  4. pH: ↓in osmotic/↑secretory
  5. Osmolar Gap: ↓ gap in secretory because secreted ions give stool ↑ osmolarity
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50
Q

Acute Diarrhea

Definition:

A

< 3 weeks duration

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51
Q

Acute Diarrhea

Etiology:

A

Etiology: Infectious agents
• USA: Viral > E. Coli > Campylobacer > Salmonella/Shigella > Giardia > Crypto (AIDS) > C. Difficile
• 3rd World: Viral > E. Coli > Cholera > Entameba > Salmonella/Shigella > Crypto (Infants)
(Traveler’s Diarrhea)

52
Q

Chronic Diarrhea

Definition:

A

> 3 Weeks Duration

53
Q

Chronic Diarrhea No Mucosal Injury

Etiology:

A
  1. Maldigestion/Malabsorption Syndromes
  2. Hypermotility
  3. Neuroendocrine Tumors
  4. Factitious (Laxatives)
54
Q

Chronic Diarrhea Mucosal Injury

Etiology:

A
  1. Chronic Infections (HIV, Parasites, Sprue, Whipples)
  2. Allergic/Immune Mediated
  3. Malignancies
55
Q

Entameba Histolytica ==>

A

Amebiasis

Protozoan transmitted by ingestion of cysts (resistant to gastric acid) & survive until excyst at cecum

56
Q

Cryptosporidium

A

Oocyte transmitted via contaminated drinking water (transmission in water sports, seen in AIDS / Milwaukee!)

57
Q

Clostridium Difficile ==>

A

Antibiotic / Nosocomial Diarrhea
• Gram+ bacilli with Toxin A + Toxin B –> ADP Ribosylation of Rho Family GTPases –> Cytoskeletal Disruption
• Leads to secretory type diarrhea

58
Q

Lactase Deficiency ==>

A

Explosive Osmotic Diarrhea

Undigested lactose —> distal colon —> meets colonic micobiome —> digested

59
Q

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Definition:

A

Disorder of brain-gut pain perception and motility

60
Q

Bacterial Overgrowth Three mechanisms of diarrhea:

A
  • Bacteria deconjugate bile salts –> unconjugated bile acids –> Secretory Diarrhea
  • Bacteria convert AA –> Ketoacids –> Osmotic Diarrhea
  • Bacteria convert CHO –> SCFA –> Osmotic Diarrhea
61
Q

Microscopic Colitis ==>

A

Chronic Non-Bloody Watery Diarrhea (No Weight Loss)

62
Q

Behcet’s Disease ==>

A

Generalized Vasculitis
• Immune complex small-vessel vasculitis
• Results in aphthous ulcers, genital ulcerations, uveitis
• Treat with immunosuppressives

63
Q

Uveitis

Definition:

A

Uveitis is swelling and irritation of the uvea, the middle layer of the eye. The uvea provides most of the blood supply to the retina.

64
Q

Constipation

Definition:

A

• Infrequent BM < 2/week for 12 months
• Infrequent BM <3 /week for 12 months with
straining / feeling of incomplete evacuation / hard
stool 25% of the time

65
Q

Constipation

Etiology:

A
  1. Hypoparathyroidism***
  2. IBS
  3. Idiopathic
  4. Neurogenic Disorders
  5. Rx-Related (Anticholinergics)
66
Q

Pelvic Floor Dyssenergia

Definition:

A

Ineffective defecation with abnormal actions of musculature of the pelvic floor

67
Q

Hirschsprung Disease

Definition:

A

“Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon”
• Congenital disorder of distal colon (sigmoid &
rectum) functional obstruction from aganglionosis

68
Q

Gastroparesis

Definition:

A
  1. Paralysis of the stomach
  2. Loss of Vagal / neural innervation
  3. Different from structural issues (cancer, obstruction)
69
Q

Gastroparesis

Etiology:

A
  1. Diabetic Neuropathy**
  2. Idiopathic: food poisoning, marijuana
  3. Viral Induced: CMV in IC Patients
  4. Post-Surgical: Vagal Nerve Lesion
  5. Scleroderma: infiltrative disorder
  6. Parkinson’s Disease: CNS Damage
  7. Intestinal Pseudo-obstruction
  8. Misc: commonly Rx-related nerve damage/
    neurotransmitter inhibition
70
Q

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

Definition:

A

GI syndrome with abdominal pain & change in

bowel habits with NO other cause

71
Q

Subtype IBS-C:

A

constipation, hard stool; < 3 weeks

72
Q

Subtype IBS-D:

A

diarrhea, loose watery stool;

***DOES NOT AWAKEN

73
Q

Subtype IBS:

A

loose/hard stool alternate

74
Q

Hepatic Failure

Etiology

A
  1. Alcohol / Tylenol / Antibiotics (Toxins)
  2. Viral Hepatitis
  3. Sepsis / Shock
  4. Pregnancy
75
Q

Cirrhosis

Etiology

A

~ End Stage Chronic Liver Disease

  1. Alcohol abuse
  2. Viral Hepatitis
76
Q

Portal Hypertension

Etiology

A
  1. Prehepatic: PV thrombosis/splenomegaly
  2. Intrahepatic: Cirrhosis (see above)
  3. Posthepatic: Budd Chiari (PCV) / RHF
77
Q

AI Hepatitis

Etiology:

A 
Unknown
• Genetic Predisposition
• Triggered by Viral Hepatitis
• Rx-Mediated
• Associated with other AI conditions
78
Q

Alcoholic Hepatitis

Etiology:

A

EtoH > 40-80 g/day ~ 5+ years
• ~6-7 drinks/day
• Genetic Factors: ADH2*1 + TNF α-238 variants

79
Q

HELLP Syndrome

Definition:

A
  • Hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets)

* Associated with pre-eclampsia

80
Q

Hemochromatosis

Definition/Etiology:

A

Hereditary iron-overload disease associated
with end-organ disease = Liver Cirrhosis
6 Types Described
• Type I: C282Y Mutation in HFE Gene (homozygous recessive on Chromosome 6)

81
Q

Wilson’s Disease

Definition/Etiology:

A

Hereditary copper-overload disorder targeting liver, brain, & kidneys
• Liver: Cirrhosis + Fulminant Failure
• Brain: Basal Ganglia
• Kidneys: Type II RTA
• Genetic Deficiency in ATPase in Liver (Ch. 13)
• Secondary ↑Cu w/PBC or PSC

82
Q

α-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency

Definition/Etiology:

A

Hereditary deficiency in α-1 Antitrypsin
Deficiency ==> Liver Cirrhosis
Failure to secrete α-1 AT (Ch. 14)

83
Q

What’s in Bile?

A
  • Bile Acids: solubilize cholesterol

* Phospholipid: solubilize cholesterol

84
Q

Mechanical Cholestasis (Stones)
Black Stones
Etiology:

A
  1. HEMOLYSIS***
  2. SICKLE CELL*** (Webpath Question!)
  3. Increasing age
  4. Long term TPN
  5. Cirrhosis
85
Q

Mechanical Cholestasis (Stones)
Brown Stones
Etiology

A

~ Soft Stones

  1. BACTERIAL INFECTION***
  2. ↓IgA secretion
  3. ↑Activity of B-glucoronidation
86
Q

Mechanical Cholestasis (Stones) diagnose

A

***Best way to diagnose is with ULTRASOUND

87
Q

Biliary Colic

Definition:

A

Obstruction at the cystic duct with gallbladder contractions causing trying to pump out bile. RUQ pain every time the gallbladder tries to pump against tone (Colicky).

88
Q

Acute Cholecystitis

A

Obstruction at the cystic duct –> dilation –> irritation –> inflammation –> systemic symptoms. Colicky pain + fever (inflammation)

89
Q

Cholangitis

Definition:

A

Obstruction at the Common Bile Duct.

Colicky pain + fever (inflammation) + jaundice.

90
Q

Biliary Pancreatitis

A

~ obstruction at the sphincter of Odi or in the intra-pancreatic course –> dilated MPD.
Abdominal pain + ↑pancreatic amylase

91
Q

Causes of Mechanical Obstruction

Benign Causes

A
  1. Post-surgical complications
  2. Primary Sclerosing cholangitis
  3. Infections
  4. Chronic Pancreatitis
92
Q

Causes of Mechanical Obstruction

Malignant Causes

A
  1. Cholangiocarcinoma
  2. Pancreatic Malignancy: tumor in head of pancreas
  3. Ampulla Malignancy
93
Q

Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Definition/Etiology:

A

(Malignant)
Malignant epithelial (carcinoma) neoplasm of liver composed of cells +/- resembling hepatocytes
Etiology
• Chronic liver disease (Hep B > C)
• Chronic alcoholism
• Aflatoxins (Killed by peanut butter sandwich?)
• NASH

94
Q

Hepatoma Hepatic Adenoma

Definition/Etiology:

A 
(Benign)
Benign rounded expansile tumor mass
Etiology
• Anabolic steroids
• Androgenic steroids
• Estrogenic steroids
“Young woman with oral contraceptives...”
95
Q

Hemangioma

Definition:

A

(Benign)
Most common benign tumor of liver
• Clinically significant for exclusion; should not be
confused with other liver neoplasms

96
Q

Hepatoblastoma Definition:

A

Rare malignant epithelial neoplasm of children

97
Q

Cholangiocarcinoma

Definition:

A

Malignant epithelial neoplasm with biliarry differentiation that arises from cholangiocytes
• Arises from biliary tree within / outside liver
• Intrahepatic > Extrahepatic
• Extrahepatic occur at common hepatic duct (right + left hepatic ducts) (Klatskin Tumors)

98
Q

Gallbladder Carcinoma

Definition/Etiology:

A

Malignant epithelial neoplasm of the extrahepatic biliary tract.
• Galbladders is risk factor (90%)

99
Q

Biliary Atresia

Definition/Etiology:

A

Progressive inflammatory + fibrosing disease of extrahepatic bile ducts.
• Leads to partial or complete obstruction of the
extrahepatic biliary tree w/in 3 months of life
Unknown

100
Q

Acute Cholecystitis

Definition/Etiology:

A

Acute inflammation of the gallbladder.

Almost always caused by stone in cystic duct or neck of the gallbladder.

101
Q

Chronic Cholecystitis

Definition/Etiology:

A

Chronic inflammation of the gallbladder.

Stones + superimposed infection with E. Coli or Enterococci.

102
Q

Choledocholithiasis

Definition:

A

CholeDOCHOlathiasis: obstruction of CBD

103
Q

Ascending Cholangitis

Definition/Etiology:

A

Cholangitis: bacterial infection of EH bile duct.
• Acute: E. Coli, Klebsiella, Clostridium,
Bacteroides, Enterobacter, Enteroccus
• Chronic: Crypto, Fasciola, Schisto/Clonorchis
(China)

104
Q

Gaucher’s Disease

Definition/Etiology:

A

Lysosomal storage disorder in Jews.

AR mutation in β-glucocerobrosidase.

105
Q

Fulminant Hepatic Failure

Definition:

A

Clinical syndrome with massive necrosis of liver cells & encephalopathy w/ acute presentation
• Fulminant < 2 weeks
• Subfulminant < 8 weeks
• Duration < 8 weeks jaundice

106
Q

WILSON’S DISEASE:

A

Young patient with normal Alk Phos, ↓HCT (hemolysis), psych issues with acute liver failure

107
Q

Portal System Hypertension

Definition/Etiology:

A

↑ Resistance to Portal Blood Flow
CIRRHOSIS MOST COMMON CAUSE
• Etiologies can be intrahepatic, pre-hepatic or posthepatic

108
Q

Varicies

Definition:

A

• Tortuous venous collaterals; common COD
• Ruptured eosph. varix –> blood GUSHES (↑portal
congestion) –> desanguinate –> ooze plasma
• Mortality in 6 weeks = worse than cancer!

109
Q

Portal Hypertensive Gastropathy

Definition:

A
  • Congestion of blood in stomach

* ↑Blood flow to stomach from vasodilation

110
Q

Ascites

Definition/Etiology:

A

Accumulation of ↑ fluid in peritoneal cavity
• ↓ Protein Fluid***
CIRRHOSIS MOST COMMON CAUSE

111
Q

Hepatic Encephalopathy

Definition/Etiology:

A

Accumulation of NH3 –> Cerebral Disease
• Acute + Chronic Liver Failure
• Presence of porotsystemic shunt w/out liver dz

112
Q

Hepatorenal Syndrome

Etiology:

A

Cirrhosis + Ascites

• NO UNDERLYING RENAL PARENCHYMAL DZ

113
Q

IgA Nephropathy

Etiology:

A

Cirrhosis –> ↓Clearance Function –> ↓IgA clearance = ↑IgA delivery to kidneys
IgA + C3 deposit at the glomerulus

114
Q

Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis

Etiology:

A

Associated with Hepatitis C

115
Q

Membranous Glomerulonephritis

Etiology:

A

Hepatitis B + C

116
Q

Drug Induced Liver Disease

Definition/Etiology:

A 
Drug-induced ACUTE liver disease
• < 6 Months = Acute
Etiology: >600 Rx; key is PROLONGED use
• Prescribed / OTC Rx
• Vitamins / Herbal
• Household / Occupational Exposure
117
Q

Oral Contraceptives
Woman with oral contraceptive use comes in with
blood pressure of 80…

A

Answer: ruptured hepatic adenomas

118
Q

Polyvinyl Chloride

A

Epidemiology: occupational exposure
Pathology: Angiosarcoma

119
Q

Acetaminophen

A

↑% of Acute Liver Failure (~50%)

120
Q

Angiodysplasia is characterized by

A

tortuous, deformed mucosal & submucosal blood vessels seen in the GI tract.

121
Q

Volvulus:

Definition

A

torsion (“twisting”) of bowel around its mesentery → obstruction & ischemia/infarction

122
Q

Dysentery

Definition

A

An inflammatory disorder of the intestine, especially of the colon, that results in severe diarrhea containing blood & mucus in the feces with fever, abdominal pain, & rectal tenesmus, caused by any kind of infection. It is a type of gastroenteritis.

123
Q

Tenesmus

Definition

A

A feeling of incomplete defecation.

124
Q

Zoonosis

Definition

A

An infectious disease that is transmitted between species (sometimes by a vector) from animals other than humans to humans or from humans to other animals (the latter is sometimes called reverse zoonosis or anthroponosis).

125
Q

Vector (epidemiology)

Definition

A

An organism, often an invertebrate arthropod, that transmits a pathogen from reservoir to host.

126
Q

The most common causes of Reiter’s syndrome

A

Intestinal infections with Salmonella, Shigella or Campylobacter & sexually transmitted infections with Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrheae.

GI Liver (7 decks)

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