Definitions (causes of the englightment) Flashcards
Geocentric model
The geocentric model, a prevailing astronomical concept during the Enlightenment, was suggested by ancient Greek astronomers and later refined by thinkers like Ptolemy. This model placed Earth at the center of the universe, while the Sun, Moon, planets, and stars were believed to revolve around it. This model, influenced by the works of these astronomers, sought to explain celestial motions. For instance, the observed retrograde motion of planets, where they appeared to reverse their path briefly, was accounted for by introducing epicycles—small circles upon which planets were thought to move within their larger orbits. However, advancements in observational techniques and the emergence of new scientific ideas ultimately challenged the geocentric model, leading to the rise of the heliocentric model proposed by astronomers such as Nicolaus Copernicus.
Heliocentric model
The heliocentric model, spearheaded by astronomers like Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, and Johannes Kepler during the Enlightenment, revolutionized our understanding of the solar system. This groundbreaking concept proposed that the Sun, rather than Earth, occupied the central position, with planets orbiting it in elliptical paths. As scientific observations and mathematical calculations supported the heliocentric model, public belief in it grew stronger. The meticulous observations of Galileo, coupled with Kepler’s laws of planetary motion, provided compelling evidence that challenged the geocentric model. The acceptance of the heliocentric model marked a significant shift in human perception, leading to a greater appreciation for the Sun as the central force in our solar system and inspiring further scientific exploration.
On the Revolutions of the Celestial Bodies
“On the Revolutions of the Celestial Bodies,” written by Nicolaus Copernicus and published in 1543, presented the revolutionary heliocentric model of the universe. In this influential work, Copernicus proposed that the Sun, rather than Earth, occupied the central position, with Earth and other planets orbiting it. This groundbreaking theory challenged the prevailing geocentric view and ignited a scientific revolution. Copernicus’s treatise provided detailed mathematical calculations and observational evidence to support his heliocentric model, marking a significant turning point in our understanding of the cosmos. “On the Revolutions of the Celestial Bodies” laid the foundation for subsequent advancements in astronomy and inspired future generations of scientists to question established beliefs and explore the wonders of the universe.
Starry Messenger
“Starry Messenger” (Sidereus Nuncius), written by Galileo Galilei and published in 1610, is a groundbreaking astronomical work that revolutionized our understanding of the cosmos. In this influential treatise, Galileo described his observations made using the newly invented telescope. Through meticulous observations, Galileo discovered numerous celestial bodies, including mountains on the Moon, the phases of Venus, and the four largest moons of Jupiter. These findings provided compelling evidence for the heliocentric model and challenged the prevailing geocentric view. “Starry Messenger” not only presented a wealth of new astronomical discoveries but also sparked a scientific revolution, encouraging a more empirical and observational approach to understanding the universe. Galileo’s work paved the way for further astronomical advancements and inspired generations of scientists to explore the heavens with a fresh perspective.
Catholic church
The Catholic Church, as a powerful institution, played a significant role in the scientific and intellectual landscape of various historical periods. During the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, the Church held considerable influence over the prevailing beliefs and knowledge. It supported the geocentric model of the universe, as it aligned with the biblical interpretation that placed Earth at the center of creation. However, when the heliocentric model was proposed by astronomers like Nicolaus Copernicus and later championed by Galileo Galilei, conflicts arose between the scientific discoveries and the Church’s teachings. The Church initially opposed and condemned the heliocentric model as it challenged the established theological and cosmological doctrines. These conflicts between science and the Church reflect the complex relationship between religious authority and the pursuit of scientific knowledge during those times. Over time, the Church’s stance has evolved, and it has recognized the compatibility between faith and reason, fostering a more nuanced approach towards scientific advancements.
Scientific revolution
The Scientific Revolution was a transformative period in human history that unfolded from the 16th to the 18th century. It was characterized by a fundamental shift in the way knowledge was pursued, challenging traditional beliefs and fostering a new scientific methodology. This revolution encompassed a wide range of scientific disciplines, including astronomy, physics, biology, and chemistry. During this time, groundbreaking discoveries and advancements were made, leading to significant changes in our understanding of the natural world. Prominent figures such as Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, Isaac Newton, and Francis Bacon played pivotal roles in questioning long-held beliefs, introducing rigorous empirical methods, and advancing scientific thought. The Scientific Revolution not only expanded human knowledge but also had profound implications for society, culture, and philosophy, laying the foundation for modern scientific inquiry and engendering a spirit of curiosity, experimentation, and critical thinking that continues to shape our world today.
Scientific method
The scientific method is a systematic approach to acquiring knowledge and understanding the natural world. It is a fundamental framework employed by scientists to investigate phenomena, formulate hypotheses, conduct experiments, and draw conclusions. The scientific method typically involves several steps, including making observations, formulating a research question, conducting background research, developing a hypothesis, designing and performing experiments, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions. This iterative process allows for the testing and refinement of ideas, ensuring that scientific knowledge is based on empirical evidence and logical reasoning. By following the scientific method, researchers strive to minimize bias and subjectivity, enabling the accumulation of reliable and objective knowledge. The scientific method has been instrumental in driving scientific progress and has played a crucial role in the advancements made during the Scientific Revolution and beyond.
Nicolas copernicus
Nicolaus Copernicus, born on February 19, 1473, in Toruń, Poland, was a prominent astronomer and mathematician whose work revolutionized our understanding of the cosmos. Copernicus is best known for his heliocentric model of the universe, which he presented in his seminal work “De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium” (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres), published in 1543. In this groundbreaking treatise, Copernicus proposed that the Sun, not Earth, occupied the central position, with Earth and other planets orbiting it. This heliocentric model challenged the prevailing geocentric view and laid the foundation for modern astronomy. Copernicus’s work was based on meticulous observations and mathematical calculations, providing compelling evidence for the motion of celestial bodies. Despite the controversy surrounding his ideas at the time, Copernicus’s contributions paved the way for future scientific advancements and a deeper understanding of our place in the universe.
Johannes Kepler
Johannes Kepler, born on December 27, 1571, in Weil der Stadt, Germany, was a key figure in the Scientific Revolution and one of the most influential astronomers in history. Kepler’s work laid the foundation for modern astronomy and planetary motion. He is best known for his three laws of planetary motion, which he presented in his book “Astronomia Nova” (New Astronomy) published in 1609. Kepler’s laws describe the elliptical orbits of planets around the Sun, challenging the prevailing notion of perfectly circular orbits. His laws provided a more accurate and comprehensive description of planetary motion, integrating empirical observations with mathematical principles. Kepler’s tireless work with astronomical data, including the precise observations of Tycho Brahe, led to these groundbreaking discoveries. Apart from his contributions to astronomy, Kepler also made significant advancements in optics and mathematics. His work not only revolutionized our understanding of the cosmos but also laid the groundwork for future scientific endeavors.
Galileo Galilei
Galileo Galilei, born on February 15, 1564, in Pisa, Italy, was a pioneering astronomer, physicist, and mathematician who made groundbreaking contributions to the Scientific Revolution. Galileo’s meticulous observations and experimental methods helped establish the foundations of modern physics and astronomy. He is best known for his telescopic observations, which led to significant discoveries that challenged prevailing beliefs of the time. In 1610, he published “Sidereus Nuncius” (Starry Messenger), outlining his celestial observations, including the mountains on the Moon, the phases of Venus, and the four largest moons of Jupiter. Galileo’s work provided empirical evidence in support of the heliocentric model proposed by Copernicus, further revolutionizing our understanding of the solar system. However, his ideas were met with resistance from the Catholic Church, and he faced persecution for advocating heliocentrism. Despite these challenges, Galileo’s work laid the groundwork for modern physics and astronomy, emphasizing the importance of observation, experimentation, and mathematical analysis in scientific inquiry.
Issac Newton
Sir Isaac Newton, born on January 4, 1643, in Woolsthorpe Manor, England, was one of the most influential scientists and mathematicians in history. Newton’s groundbreaking contributions to physics and mathematics laid the foundation for modern science and revolutionized our understanding of the physical world. His most famous work, “Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica” (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), published in 1687, introduced the laws of motion and universal gravitation. Newton’s laws of motion provided a comprehensive framework for understanding the behavior of objects in motion, while his law of universal gravitation explained the force that governs the motion of celestial bodies. Additionally, Newton made significant contributions to calculus, developing a mathematical tool that became essential in many areas of science. His ideas and discoveries had a profound impact on scientific thinking, influencing fields beyond physics, including astronomy, engineering, and mathematics. Newton’s legacy as a brilliant scientist and mathematician continues to shape our understanding of the natural world.
Thomas Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes, born on April 5, 1588, in Westport, England, was a prominent philosopher and political theorist known for his influential work on social contract theory and political philosophy. Hobbes is best known for his book “Leviathan,” published in 1651, in which he presented his views on the nature of society and government. Hobbes argued that in the state of nature, without a centralized authority, life would be characterized by violence and chaos. To avoid this, individuals enter into a social contract, surrendering some of their freedoms to a sovereign ruler in exchange for protection and order. Hobbes’s theory emphasized the importance of a strong central government to maintain social order and prevent the “war of all against all.” His ideas had a significant impact on political philosophy and influenced subsequent thinkers. Hobbes’s work continues to be studied and debated, particularly regarding the balance between individual rights and the authority of the state.
