definitions - behaviour Flashcards
Zeitgeber
An external or environmental cue such as light, temperature or time of day, which entrains, or synchronizes, an organism’s biological rhythms to the Earth’s 24-hour light/dark cycle and 12 month cycle.
Territory
Aera that is defended by an animal
Circaannual
A rhythm of about 1 year
crepuscular
Active at dawn and dusk
Orthokinesis
Orientation response in which the strength of the stimulus determines the rate of linear movement
klinotaxis
An organism continuously samples the environment with a single receptor to compare the stimulus over time.
Phototropism
Growth of a plant towards or away from light
Entrainment
Process by which an internal clock becomes reset by rhythmic environmental influences
Auxin
Growth hormone which plays an essential part in tropism in stems and leave, and also in numerous growth processes
Biological clocks
internal timing system that continues without external cues, and control (to some extent) the timing of activities of plants and animals.
Homing
The ability of animals to find and return to the home site.
Day neutral plant
A plant that flowers independently of the day length or seasons
Photoperiodism
Photoperiodism is the physiological reaction of organisms to the length of day and night. Photoperiodism occurs in both plants and animals.
Exogenous
Driven by external stimuli (environmental cues)
Phytochrome
A plant pigment that controls the photoperiodic response
Tropism
A tropism is the growth or turning movement of a plant in response to an environmental stimulus.
Klinokinesis
Orientation response in which the strength of the stimulus determines the rate of turning
Diurnal
Active during daylight
Phase-shift
When the onset of the period of the rhythm is changed (either earlier or later).
Circatidal
A rhythm of about 12.5 hours
Nastic response
Nastic responses are non-directional movement responses to stimuli.
The rate or frequency of these responses increases as the intensity of the stimulus increases.
kinesis
Kinesis is the movement or activity of cell or organism in response to a stimulus. However, unlike a tropism or a taxis, the response to the stimulus is non-directional. - Its like running away or turning away or to a stimulus
taxes
A taxis is the directional movement of an organism in response to a stimulus, such as light or the presence of food.
Tropotaxis
An organism with bilateral sense organs determines the direction of a stimulus through simultaneous comparison
Thigmotaxis
Thigmotaxis is the movement of an organism toward or away from any object which provides a mechanical stimulus, such a sound, pressure, movement etc.
Chemotaxis
Chemotaxis is the movement of an organism in response to a chemical stimulus.
Geotaxis
Geotaxis is the movement of a motile organism in response to the stimulus of gravity.
Hydrotaxis
Hydrotaxis is the directional movement of an organism or cell in response to the stimulus of water.
Directional movement
Means that there is +ive and -ive directions in the movement response
Non-directional movement
Means that there is no +ive or -ive the organism just does it or doesn’t do it.
Is taxes directional?
YAS
Is kinesis directional?
Na
Are nastic responses directional
no
Thigmonastic movement
Non-directional rapid movement response to touch or a vibration
Photonasty:
The non directional response of an organism to a change in light intensity.
Chemonasty:
The non directional response of an organism to a chemical stimulus.
Thermonasty:
The non directional response of an organism to a temperature stimulus e.g. temperature changes can induce the opening of some flowers.
Are tropisms directional?
Ye
Gibberellins
promote stem elongation and are also involved in flowering and seed germination.
Cytokinins
are hormones which promote cell division.
Abscisic acid
is involved in opening and closing of the stomata on leaves.
Ethylene
is a plant hormone involved in the ripening of fruit and abscission (the shedding of various parts of a plant, including the dropping of a leaf, fruit, flower or seed
Name the four main plant hormones
Gibberellins
Cytokinis
Abscisic acid
Ethylene
Hydrotropism
is a plant’s growth response in which direction of growth is determined by a stimulus or gradient in water concentration.
Gravitropism
is a turning or growth movement by a plant or fungus in response to gravity.
Thigmotropism
is the movement or growth of a plant in response to touch or contact stimuli. Thigmotropism usually occurs when plants grow around a surface, such as when tendrils on a bean plant coil around a trellis.
Chemotropism
is the movement or growth of an organism, or parts of an organism in response to chemicals.
Mutualism
is the existence of two organisms of different species in a relationship in which each individual benefits from the activity of the other.
Commensalism
is a class of relationships between two organisms where one organism benefits without affecting the other.
Exploitation
can be defined as the action of making use of and benefiting from resources. Interspecific competition exploitation includes herbivory, predation, and parasitism; processes which co-exist within ecological communities.
Interspecific competition
is a form of competition which occurs between members of two or more different species.
Competition
is an interaction between organisms or species, in which the fitness of one is lowered by the presence of the other.
