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H2 Physics > Definitions and their equation > Flashcards

Definitions and their equation Flashcards

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1
Q

Measurements: Random Error

A

An error that results in scattering of readings about a mean value.

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2
Q

Measurements: Systematic Error

A

An error that results in all readings having a constant error in one direction.

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3
Q

Measurements: Accuracy

A

The degree to which a measurement approaches the true value.

This is indicated by the closeness of the average of the measurements to the true value.

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4
Q

Measurements: Precision

A

The degree of agreement of repeated measurements of the same quantity.

This is indicated by the variance of a set of measurements of the same quantity.

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5
Q

Kinematics: Speed

A

Rate of change of distance of an object.

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6
Q

Kinematics: Velocity

A

Rate of change of displacement of an object.

Equal to gradient of S-t graph at an instant.

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7
Q

Kinematics: Acceleration

A

Rate of change of velocity of an object.

Equals to gradient of V-t graph at an instant.

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8
Q

Dynamics: Newton’s First Law

A

A body stays at rest or continues moving at constant velocity unless a resultant force acts on it.

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9
Q

Dynamics: Newton’s Second Law

A

The rate of change of momentum is proportional to the resultant force acting on the body and takes place in the direction of the resultant force.

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10
Q

Dynamics: Newton’s Third Law

A

If body A exerts a force on body B, then body B will exert a force of the same type that is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction of body A.

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11
Q

Dynamics: Linear momentum

A

The product of the mass of a body and its velocity.

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12
Q

Dynamics: Impulse

A

The product of a force acting on a body and the time of impact. Impulse = Force x t = Change in momentum

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13
Q

Dynamics: Principle of conservation of linear momentum

A

The total momentum of a system remains constant provided no resultant external force acts on the system.

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14
Q

Dynamics: Elastic collision

A

A collision which the total kinetic energy remains the same.

COLM, COKE, Relative speed of approach=Relative speed of separation applies.

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15
Q

Dynamics: Inelastic collision

A

A collision in which the total kinetic energy is not conserved.

Only COLM applies.

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16
Q

Forces: Hooke’s law

A

Provided the limit of proportionality limit is not exceeded, the extension of a body is proportional to the applied load.

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17
Q

Forces: Upthrust

A

Upthrust is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the weight of fluid displaced by a submerged or floating object.

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18
Q

Forces: Centre of gravity

A

The point on an object in which the whole weight appears to act through.

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19
Q

Forces: Moments

A

The turning effect of a force. Equals to the product of the force and the perpendicular distance of the line of action of the force from the pivot.

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20
Q

Forces: Torque

A

The turning effect of the couple (two equal and opposite parallel forces whose lines of action do not coincide). Equals to the product of one of the forces and the perpendicular distance between them.

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21
Q

Forces: Principle of Moments

A

For a system in equilibrium, there is no resultant moment about any point.

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22
Q

Forces: Archimedes Principle

A

When an object is totally or partially immersed in a fluid, it experiences an upthrust equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.

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23
Q

Forces: Principle of floatation

A

A floating object in a fluid displaced a weight of the fluid equal to its own weight.

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24
Q

WEP: Work done

A

Work done is the product of the force and the displacement in the direction of the force.

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25
Q

WEP: Gravitational potential energy

A

The stored ability of an object to do work as a result of its mass and position.

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26
Q

WEP: Electric potential energy

A

The stored ability of an object to do work as a result of its charge and position.

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27
Q

WEP: Elastic potential energy

A

The stored ability of an object to do work as a result of its shape.

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28
Q

WEP: Kinetic energy

A

The stored ability of an object to do work as a result of its motion.

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29
Q

WEP: Principle of conservation of energy

A

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but it can be converted from one form to another.

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30
Q

WEP: Power

A

Work done per unit time.

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31
Q

Motion in circle: Angular velocity

A

Rate of change of angular displacement

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32
Q

Motion in circle: One radian

A

Angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc equal in length to the radius.

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33
Q

G-field: Newton’s law of gravitation

A

The mutual force of attraction between any two point masses is proportional to the product of the masses and inversely proportional to the square of their separation.

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34
Q

G-field: Gravitational field

A

A region of space where a mass experiences a force.

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35
Q

G-field: Gravitational field strength

A

The gravitational force exerted per unit mass placed at that point.

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36
Q

G-field: Gravitational potential

A

The work done per unit mass in bringing a small test mass from infinity to that point.

This is always negative because the potential at infinity is taken to be zero, and forces are attractive, thus work done by external force in moving the mass from infinity is negative.

37
Q

G-field: Geostationary orbit

A

A circular orbit around the Earth in which a satellite would appear stationary to an observer on the earth’s surface. Orbit with an equal period and same direction as that of Earth’s.

38
Q

Temp & Ideal gas: Thermal equilibrium

A

When two bodies in thermal contact have the same temperature and there is no net heat flow between them.

39
Q

Temp & Ideal gas: Absolute scale of temperature

A

A scale that is independent of any property of a particular substance and has an absolute zero.

40
Q

Temp & Ideal gas: Absolute zero

A

A fixed point in which all substances have minimum internal energy.

41
Q

Temp & Ideal gas: An ideal gas

A

An ideal gas is one that obeys the ideal equation PV = nRT for all values of pressure, P, volume, V and thermodynamic temperature, T for a fixed mass of gas where R is the molar gas constant, n is number of moles of gas which is a constant for a fixed mass of gas.

42
Q

Temp & Ideal gas: Avogadro’s constant

A

The number of atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon-12.

43
Q

Temp & Ideal gas: One mole

A

The amount containing L particles.

44
Q

First law of thermodynamics: Specific heat capacity

A

The amount of thermal energy required to produce unit rise of temperature in a unit mass of the substance.

45
Q

First law of thermodynamics: Specific latent heat of vaporization

A

The amount of thermal energy required to change unit mass of a substance from liquid to vapour without a change of temperature.

46
Q

First law of thermodynamics: Specific latent heat of fusion

A

The amount of thermal energy required to change unit mass of a substance from solid to liquid without a change of temperature.

47
Q

First law of thermodynamics: Internal energy

A

The sum of random distribution of kinetic and potential energies associated with molecules of a system.

48
Q

First law of thermodynamics: First law of thermodynamics

A

The increase in internal energy of a system equals to the sum of the heat supplied to the system and the work done on the system.

49
Q

Oscillations: Simple harmonic motion

A

The motion of the body such that its acceleration is proportional to its displacement from the equilibrium position and is always directed towards that point.

a=-w^2x

50
Q

Oscillations: Resonance

A

When the driving frequency of the body is equal to its natural frequency, giving a maximum amplitude of oscillation.

51
Q

Oscillations: Forced oscillation

A

When a body is acted upon by an external periodic driving force, causing the body to oscillate at the driving frequency.

52
Q

Oscillations: Natural frequency

A

When a body is allowed to oscillate freely without any external force acting on it.

53
Q

Wave motion: Progressive wave

A

A wave in which energy is carried from one point to another by means of vibration or oscillations within the wave.

54
Q

Wave motion: Transverse wave

A

A wave in which the oscillations of the particles in the wave are at right angles to the direction of transfer of energy of the wave.

55
Q

Wave motion: Longitudinal wave

A

A wave in which the oscillations of the particles in the wave are along the direction of transfer of energy of the wave.

56
Q

Wave motion: Intensity

A

The average energy transferred per unit time per unit area perpendicular to the direction the wave.

57
Q

Wave motion: Phase difference

A

A measure of how much one wave is out of step with another.

58
Q

Wave motion: Polarization

A

Oscillations in a wave are confined in one direction only in a plane normal to the direction of transfer of energy of the wave.

59
Q

Superposition: Principle of superposition

A

Two waves meeting at a point, the resultant displacement is equal to the vector sum of individual displacements.

60
Q

Superposition: Stationary waves

A

Waves in which vibrational energy is stored, rather than transmitted. A result of superposition of two waves of the same amplitude and frequency travelling at the same speed in opposite directions.

61
Q

Superposition: Diffraction

A

Spreading of waves when they pass through an opening or round an obstacle. Effects are greatest when the width of opening is comparable to the wavelength of waves.

62
Q

Superposition: Rayleigh criterion

A

Images of two point objects is considered just resolved when the central maximum of one diffraction pattern coincides with the first minimum of the other.

63
Q

Superposition: Coherence

A

Two waves that have a constant phase difference.

64
Q

E-field: Electric field lines

A

Lines that show the direction of force acting on a stationary positive charge in the field.

65
Q

E-field: Electric field strength

A

Electric force exerted per unit positive charge acting on a small stationary charge placed at that point.

66
Q

E-field: Coulombs’ law

A

Force between two point charges, is proportional to the product of the charges and is inversely proportional to the square of their separation.

67
Q

E-field: Electric potential

A

The work done per unit positive charge in moving a small test charge from infinity to the point.

68
Q

COE: Electric current

A

Rate of flow of charge.

69
Q

COE: One coulomb

A

Charge flowing per second past a point in a circuit where the current is 1 ampere.

70
Q

COE: Potential difference

A

The energy per unit charge transferred from electrical energy to other forms of energy when the charge passes from one point to another.

71
Q

COE: Electromotive force

A

The energy transferred per unit charge from other forms of energy to electrical energy when charge is moved round a complete circuit.

72
Q

COE: Resistance

A

The ratio of the potential difference across a conductor to the current flowing through it.

73
Q

COE: Ohm’s law

A

For a conductor at constant temperature, the current in the conductor is proportional to the potential difference applied across it.

For metals, increased amplitude of vibration of atoms due to current makes the resistance of metals increase with temperature. While number of charge carriers does not increase.

For semiconductors, amplitude of vibrations also increases with temperature. However the increase in conductivity due to an increase in charge carriers is more significant and overcomes the decrease due to increased thermal vibrations.

74
Q

EM: Magnetic field

A

A region of space where a magnetic pole, a current carrying conductor, or a moving charged particle will experience a force.

75
Q

EM: Magnetic flux density

A

Force acting per unit length on a straight wire which carries a unit current and is at right angles to the direction of the magnetic field.

76
Q

EMI: Magnetic flux

A

The product of an area and component of the magnetic flux density perpendicular to the area.

77
Q

EMI: Magnetic flux linkage

A

The product of the area of the coil and the component of magnetic flux perpendicular to the area and the number of turns in the coil.

78
Q

EMI: Law of electromagnetic induction

Faraday’s law and Lenz’s law

A

EMF induced in a conductor is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage.

Direction of the induced EMF is such that it tends to produce effects to oppose the change causing it.

79
Q

AC: Root-mean-square current / voltage

A

The steady direct current/voltage which produced heat at the same rate as the alternating current/voltage across a given resistor.

80
Q

Quantum Phy: Photon

A

A quantum of electromagnetic energy which is dependent only on the frequency of radiation.

81
Q

Quantum Phy: Photoelectric effect

A

Ejection of an electron from a metal surface when the surface is irradiated with EM radiation of high enough frequency.

82
Q

Quantum Phy: Threshold frequency

A

The lowest frequency of radiation that ejects electrons from a particular metal surface.

83
Q

Quantum Phy: Work Function energy

A

The minimum amount of energy required to eject an electron from a metal surface when a radiation is shone on it.

84
Q

Quantum Phy: Stopping potential

A

The minimum potential difference to reduce the photoelectric current to zero. All the kinetic energy of the most energetic electron will be converted into electrical potential energy.

85
Q

Quantum Phy: Emission line spectra

A

Spectra consisting of quite separate bright lines of definite wavelengths on a dark background, given by luminous gases and vapors and low pressure.

86
Q

Quantum Phy: Absorption line spectrum

A

A continuous spectrum crossed by dark lines due to some missing frequencies and is produced when white light passes through a cooler gas or vapor.

87
Q

Quantum Phy: Bremsstrahlung / braking radiation

A

Radiation which is emitted when fast moving electrons are rapidly slowed down as they pass through the electric field around an atomic nucleus.

88
Q

Quantum Phy: Characteristic X-rays

A

Line spectrum emitted when an electron in an upper state of an atom drops down to fill the vacated lower state that has its electron dislodged by the bombarding electrons.

H2 Physics (4 decks)

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