definitions and prevalence Flashcards
what is stage 1 hypertension
140/90 or higher and subsequent ABPM daytime average or HBPM average blood pressure is 135/85mmHg or higher
what is stage 2 hypertension
160/100 or high and subsequent ABPM daytime average or HBPM average blood pressure is 150/95mmHg or higher
define severe hypertension
systolic 180 or high OR diastolic 110 or higher
high BP happens if the walls of the larger arteries lose their natural _____ and become more _____, and the smaller vessels become _____. It can also result from an increase in the _____ _____ _____
elasticity
rigid
narrower
circulating blood volume
a chronic increase in BP above the normal range. The increase persists for how long at least?
2 or more measurements
is hypertension common
yassss
what are the main organs that can be affected by hypertension?
brain, eyes, heart, kidneys, arterial tree
how can high BP affect the brain?
high BP is the most important risk factor for stroke. It can cause a break in a weakened blood vessel, which then bleeds in the brain (cerebral haemorrhage). This can cause a stroke. If a blood clot blocks one of the arteries narrowed by atheroma, it can result in cerebral infarction which also causes a stroke.
how can high BP affect the eyes?
impaired vision: high BP can eventually cause blood vessels in the eye to leak or bleed (hypertensive retinopathy). Vision may become blurred
how can high BP affect the heart?
MI: high BP is a major risk factor. The coronary arteries bring oxygen-carrying blood to the heart muscle; if the flow of blood is blocked a heart attack results.
CHF: high BP is the most significant risk factor (present in 75-80% cases). The heart muscle initially compensates for the increased work of pushing against the elevated pressure in the vessels by becoming hypertrophied. At a later stage, the heart is unable to pump enough blood to supply the heart’s needs.
how can high BP affect the kidneys?
kidney damage: persistent high BP, over time, can lead to narrowing and thickening of the renal arteries. The kidneys normally act as filters to rid the body of soluble waste material and narrowing and thickening of renal arteries causes the kidneys to filter less fluid and nitrogeneous waste builds up in the blood.
how can high BP affect the arterial tree?
atherosclerosis: persistent BP accelerates the development of ‘hardening’ and narrowing of the arteries throughout the body.
aortic aneurysm: the wall of the aorta, especially in the abdomen may weaken leading to dilation of the aorta (aortic aneurysm) with inherent risk of rupture.
more than ___% of a population may have a raised BP
20
amongst african-americans, the prevalence in suburbia is almost ____ as much as in white suburbia, in part related to what?
twice
poorer socio-economic status
the prevalence is higher in _____ and increases after the ago of ___
females
50
