Definitions and key points

Question 1

Epidemiological transition

Answer 1

• Global change in levels and causes of mortality
• total decline in mortality and significant reduction in infectious disease
• increase in chronic non communicable diseases

Question 2

Hierarchy of evidence

Answer 2

SR/MA
RCT
Cohort
Case control
Ecological
Cross sectional
Case series
Case report
Expert opinion

Question 3

Confounder

Answer 3

Factor associated with exposure of interest as well as outcome of interest 
Lessen by:
-Stratification
-Standardisation
-Regression

Question 4

Sampling

Answer 4

Taking representative group smaller than whole population

Study and establish prevalence, incidence and risks of the population as a whole

Question 5

Sampling variation

Answer 5

Chance will impact results therefore repetitive sampling will produce estimates around the true population risk

Question 6

Relative risk

Answer 6

ratio of outcome in exposed group vs unexposed

Question 7

Odds ratio

Answer 7

Likelihood of exposure with disease relative to exposure without disease

Question 8

Attributable risk

Answer 8

Difference in rate of a condition between exposed and unexposed populatIon

Question 9

Causes of observed association

Answer 9

Chance
Bias
Confounding
Causation

Question 10

Bradford-hill criteria

Answer 10

Provides evidence of a causal relationship between presumed cause and observed effect

Question 11

Screening

Answer 11

Investigation of apparently healthy ppl
detect unrecognised diseases or precursors
prevent development/improve prognosis

Question 12

Validity

Answer 12

Ability to distinguish between subjects with the condition and those without

Question 13

Stages of disease prevention

Answer 13

Primordial - conditions created to stop bad habits emerging
Primary - promotion and specific protection
Secondary - early detection and treatment
Tertiary - Rehab and damage limitation

Question 14

Current burden of non-infectious disease

Answer 14

Cancer - Lung, liver and stomach most common cause of DEATH; Lung, colorectal and breast most commonly diagnosed
Cardiovascular disease
Isachemic heart disease
Cerebrovascular disease

Question 15

Current burden of infectious disease

Answer 15

Lower respiratory tract infections and HIV/AIDS, measles, malaria, TB, diarrhoeal disease

Question 16

Cohort study

Answer 16

start w healthy cohort and observe over time

Question 17

Case control study

Answer 17

start w source population and have a group of cases and a group of controls
see if those w disease are more likely to have been exposed

Question 18

Biases

Answer 18

Allocation
Measurement
Reporting
Samplle size
Analysis
Sponsorship

Question 19

Phases of clinical trial

Answer 19

1 Safety
2 Biological effect
3 Overall effectiveness
4 After marketing